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  1. Reference Library
  2. FAA Orders
  3. JO 7110.65
  4. Chapter 1
  5. Section 1
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JO 7110.65 Air Traffic Control
  1. Chapter 1. General

    Section 1. Introduction
    1. 1-1-1 PURPOSE OF THIS ORDER
    2. 1-1-2 AUDIENCE
    3. 1-1-3 WHERE TO FIND THIS ORDER
    4. 1-1-4 WHAT THIS ORDER CANCELS
    5. 1-1-5 EXPLANATION OF CHANGES
    6. 1-1-6 EFFECTIVE DATES AND SUBMISSIONS FOR CHANGES
    7. 1-1-7 DELIVERY DATES
    8. 1-1-8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCEDURAL CHANGES
    9. 1-1-9 REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATIONS OR CLARIFICATIONS TO THIS ORDER
    10. 1-1-10 PROCEDURAL LETTERS OF AGREEMENT (LOAs)
    11. 1-1-11 WAIVERS TO THIS ORDER
    12. 1-1-12 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)
    13. 1-1-13 REFERENCES TO FAA NON‐AIR TRAFFIC ORGANIZATIONS
    14. 1-1-14 DISTRIBUTION
  2. Section 2. Terms of Reference
  3. Chapter 2. General Control

    Section 1. General
  4. Section 2. Flight Plans and Control Information
  5. Section 3. Flight Progress Strips
  6. Section 4. Radio and Interphone Communications
  7. Section 5. Route and NAVAID Description
  8. Section 6. Weather Information
  9. Section 7. Altimeter Settings
  10. Section 8. Runway Visibility Reporting- Terminal
  11. Section 9. Automatic Terminal Information Service Procedures
  12. Section 10. Team Position Responsibilities
  13. Chapter 3. Airport Traffic Control - Terminal

    Section 1. General
  14. Section 2. Visual Signals
  15. Section 3. Airport Conditions
  16. Section 4. Airport Lighting
  17. Section 5. Runway Selection
  18. Section 6. Airport Surface Detection Procedures
  19. Section 7. Taxi and Ground Movement Procedures
  20. Section 8. Spacing and Sequencing
  21. Section 9. Departure Procedures and Separation
  22. Section 10. Arrival Procedures and Separation
  23. Section 11. Helicopter Operations
  24. Section 12. Sea Lane Operations
  25. Chapter 4. IFR

    Section 1. NAVAID Use Limitations
  26. Section 2. Clearances
  27. Section 3. Departure Procedures
  28. Section 4. Route Assignment
  29. Section 5. Altitude Assignment and Verification
  30. Section 6. Holding Aircraft
  31. Section 7. Arrival Procedures
  32. Section 8. Approach Clearance Procedures
  33. Chapter 5. Radar

    Section 1. General
  34. Section 2. Beacon/ADS-B Systems
  35. Section 3. Radar Identification
  36. Section 4. Transfer of Radar Identification
  37. Section 5. Radar Separation
  38. Section 6. Vectoring
  39. Section 7. Speed Adjustment
  40. Section 8. Radar Departures
  41. Section 9. Radar Arrivals
  42. Section 10. Radar Approaches- Terminal
  43. Section 11. Surveillance Approaches- Terminal
  44. Section 12. PAR Approaches- Terminal
  45. Section 13. Automation- En Route
  46. Section 14. Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS)-Terminal
  47. Chapter 6. Nonradar

    Section 1. General
  48. Section 2. Initial Separation of Successive Departing Aircraft
  49. Section 3. Initial Separation of Departing and Arriving Aircraft
  50. Section 4. Longitudinal Separation
  51. Section 5. Lateral Separation
  52. Section 6. Vertical Separation
  53. Section 7. Timed Approaches
  54. Chapter 7. Visual

    Section 1. General
  55. Section 2. Visual Separation
  56. Section 3. VFR‐On‐Top
  57. Section 4. Approaches
  58. Section 5. Special VFR (SVFR)
  59. Section 6. Basic Radar Service to VFR Aircraft- Terminal
  60. Section 7. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)-Terminal
  61. Section 8. Class C Service- Terminal
  62. Section 9. Class B Service Area- Terminal
  63. Chapter 8. Offshore/Oceanic Procedures

    Section 1. General
  64. Section 2. Coordination
  65. Section 3. Longitudinal Separation
  66. Section 4. Lateral Separation
  67. Section 5. Offshore/Oceanic Transition Procedures
  68. Section 6. Separation from Airspace Reservations
  69. Section 7. North Atlantic ICAO Region
  70. Section 8. Caribbean ICAO Region
  71. Section 9. Pacific ICAO Region
  72. Section 10. North American ICAO Region
  73. Chapter 9. Special Flights

    Section 1. General
  74. Section 2. Special Operations
  75. Section 3. Special Use, ATC-Assigned Airspace, and Stationary ALTRVs
  76. Section 4. Fuel Dumping
  77. Section 5. Jettisoning of External Stores
  78. Section 6. Unmanned Free Balloons
  79. Section 7. Parachute Operations
  80. Section 8. Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Reports
  81. Chapter 10. Emergencies

    Section 1. General
  82. Section 2. Emergency Assistance
  83. Section 3. Overdue Aircraft
  84. Section 4. Control Actions
  85. Section 5. Miscellaneous Operations
  86. Section 6. Oceanic Emergency Procedures
  87. Section 7. Ground Missile Emergencies
  88. Chapter 11. Traffic Management Procedures

    Section 1. General
  89. Chapter 12. Canadian Airspace Procedures

    Section 1. General Control
  90. Chapter 13. Decision Support Tools

    Section 1. ERAM - En Route
  91. Section 2. ATOP - Oceanic
  92. Chapter 14. Data Link Communications

    Section 1. Terminal Procedures for Issuing Automated Clearances
  93. Section 2. En Route Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) - Domestic
  94. Section 3. Advanced Technologies and Oceanic Procedures (ATOP) - Oceanic Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)
  95. Appendices

    Appendix A. Standard Operating Practice (SOP) for the Transfer of Position Responsibility
  96. Appendix B. Standard Operating Practice (SOP) for Aircraft Deviating for Weather Near Active Special Activity Airspace (SAA)

JO 7110.65 Air Traffic Control|JO 7110.65BB · Change 3 · Effective 7/9/2026

Chapter 1 · Section 1

Introduction

14 Paragraphs|1-1-1–1-1-14

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1-1-1 PURPOSE OF THIS ORDER

This order prescribes air traffic control procedures and phraseology for use by persons providing air traffic control services. Controllers are required to be familiar with the provisions of this order that pertain to their operational responsibilities and to exercise their best judgment if they encounter situations that are not covered by it.

1-1-2 AUDIENCE

This order applies to all ATO personnel and anyone using ATO directives.

1-1-3 WHERE TO FIND THIS ORDER

This order is available on the FAA's Air Traffic Plans and Publications website at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ and Orders & Notices website at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/.

1-1-4 WHAT THIS ORDER CANCELS

FAA Order JO 7110.65AA, Air Traffic Control, dated April 20, 2023, and all changes to it are canceled.

1-1-5 EXPLANATION OF CHANGES

The significant changes to this order are identified in the Explanation of Changes page(s). It is advisable to retain the page(s) throughout the duration of the basic order.

1-1-6 EFFECTIVE DATES AND SUBMISSIONS FOR CHANGES

a.

This order and its changes are scheduled to be published to coincide with AIRAC dates. (See TBL 1-1-1.)

b.

The “Cutoff Date for Completion" in the table below refers to the deadline for a proposed change to be fully coordinated and signed. Change initiators must submit their proposed changes well in advance of this cutoff date to meet the publication effective date. The process to review and coordinate changesoften takes several months after the change is initially submitted.

TBL 1-1-1 Publication Schedule

Basic or ChangeCutoff Datefor CompletionEffective Date of Publication
JO 7110.65BB9/5/242/20/25
Change 12/20/258/7/25
Change 28/7/251/22/26
Change 31/22/267/9/26
JO 7110.65CC7/9/2612/24/26
Change 112/24/266/10/27
Change 26/10/2711/25/27
Change 311/25/275/11/28

1-1-7 DELIVERY DATES

a.

This order will be available on the FAA's website 30 days prior to its effective date.

b.

If an FAA facility has not received the order/changes at least 30 days before the above effective dates, the facility must notify its service area office distribution officer.

c.

If a military facility has not received the order/changes at least 30 days before the above effective dates, the facility must notify its appropriate military headquarters. (See TBL 1-1-2.)

TBL 1-1-2 Military Distribution Contacts

MilitaryHeadquartersDSNCommercial
U.S. Army USAASA656-4868(703) 806-4868
U.S. Air ForceHQ AFFSA884-5509(405) 734-5509
U.S. NavyCNO (N980A)224-2638(703) 614-2638

1-1-8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCEDURAL CHANGES

The office of primary responsibility (OPR) for this order is:

FAA Headquarters, Mission Support Services Policy (AJV-P) 600 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20597

a.

Personnel should submit recommended changes in procedures to facility management.

b.

Recommendations from other sources should be submitted through appropriate FAA, military, or industry/user channels.

c.

Proposed changes must be submitted electronically to 9‐AJV‐P‐HQ‐Correspondence@faa.gov. The submission should include a description of the recommended change, and the proposed language to be used in the order.

NOTE

For details on the submission process as well as additional AJV-P processing responsibilities, please see FAA Order JO 7000.5, Procedures for Submitting Changes to Air Traffic Control Publications.

d.

Procedural changes will not be made to this order until the operational system software has been adapted to accomplish the revised procedures.

1-1-9 REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATIONS OR CLARIFICATIONS TO THIS ORDER

a.

Requests from Air Traffic Services (AJT) field personnel must be submitted to the applicable Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations, as follows:

1.

The request must be submitted in writing by an Air Traffic Manager to the District General Manager, who will forward the request in writing to the Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations through the Operations Support Group (OSG).

2.

The Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations must review the submission to determine if an interpretation or a clarification is required.

(a)

If more than one interpretation of the language can be inferred, the request for interpretation must be submitted in writing to the Director, Policy (AJV-P).

(b)

If it is determined a clarification of the language is required, the request is returned to the OSG. The OSG must provide a written clarification response to the requestor and forward a copy of the response to the Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations and AJV-P.

b.

Requests from System Operations Services (AJR) personnel must be submitted in writing through appropriate channels to the applicable Systems Operations Services Director. The receiving Systems Operations Services Director will review and, if deemed valid, submit the request to AJV-P for response.

c.

Requests from all other FAA ATO service units, Lines of Business or Staff Offices must be submitted in writing through appropriate leadership channels to AJV-P.

d.

Requests from DoD personnel must be submitted in writing to the respective Military Service Headquarters, via the appropriate chain of command. The Military Service Headquarters will review and, if deemed valid, submit the request to AJV-P.

e.

All non‐FAA/DoD requests may be submitted directly to AJV-P.

f.

All requests directed to AJV-P in accordance with subparagraphs a through e above must be sent to the AJV-P correspondence mailbox at: 9‐AJV‐P‐HQ‐Correspondence@faa.gov.

g.

Published interpretations for this order may be accessed through the MyFAA employee website via: https://my.faa.gov/org/linebusiness/ato/missionsupport/air-traffic-control-interpretations.

1-1-10 PROCEDURAL LETTERS OF AGREEMENT (LOAs)

Procedures/minima which are applied jointly or otherwise require the cooperation or concurrence of more than one facility/organization must be documented in a letter of agreement. LOAs only supplement this order. Any minima they specify must not be less than that specified herein unless appropriate military authority has authorized application of reduced separation between military aircraft. Procedures for LOA development, review, and approval are covered in FAA Order JO 7210.3, Chapter 4, Section 3.

REFERENCE

FAA Order JO 7110.65, Para 2-1-1, ATC Service.

1-1-11 WAIVERS TO THIS ORDER

a.

Exceptional or unusual requirements may dictate procedural deviations or supplementary procedures to this order. The approval of waivers to air traffic procedures is covered in FAA Order JO 7210.3, Facility Operation and Administration, Chapter 19, Section 7.

b.

If military operations or facilities are involved, prior approval by the following appropriate headquarters is required for subsequent interface with FAA. (See TBL 1-1-3.)

TBL 1-1-3 Military Operations Interface Offices

DepartmentAddress
Department of the NavyDepartment of the NavyChief of Naval OperationsN980A, NAATSEA2000 Navy Pentagon (5D453)Washington, D.C. 20350-2000
Department of the Air ForceHQ AFFSA5316 S. Douglas BlvdBldg 8400, Room 232Oklahoma City, OK 73150
Department of the ArmyDirectorUSAASA (MOAS-AS)9325 Gunston Road, Suite N-314Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-5582

NOTE

Terminal: Headquarters Air Force Flight Standards Agency is the approval authority for any USAF procedures or minima that differ from those specified herein and that involve military aircraft only.

REFERENCE

FAA Order JO 7110.65, Para 2-1-12, Military Procedures. FAA Order JO 7110.65, Para 3-1-3 , Use of Active Runways.

1-1-12 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)

Safety is fundamental to the provision of air traffic management and communication, navigation, and surveillance services. The ATO develops, implements, and maintains processes, tools, and guiding principles within the framework of a Safety Management System (SMS) to ensure that performance‐based NAS safety goals are achieved. The ATO SMS gives the responsibility for owning and executing the SMS to all employees at all levels of the ATO. All ATO employees must strive not only to maintain safety in the NAS for those services they provide but also to continuously improve the ATO SMS. Direction regarding the ATO SMS and its application is found in FAA Order JO 1000.37, Air Traffic Organization Safety Management System. Additional information pertaining to ATO SMS requirements and processes can be obtained by visiting the SMS Toolbox, emailing the Office of Safety and Technical Training (AJI) at 9‐AJI‐SMS@faa.gov, or contacting the service center Quality Control Group. SMS training is available for all employees via eLMS. Additional courses along with Technical Training for SMS Practitioners and SMS Facilitators are available from AJI.

1-1-13 REFERENCES TO FAA NON‐AIR TRAFFIC ORGANIZATIONS

When references are made to regional office organizations that are not part of the Air Traffic Organization (Communications Center, Flight Standards, Airport offices, etc.), the facility should contact the FAA region where the facility is physically located—not the region where the facility's service area office is located.

1-1-14 DISTRIBUTION

a.

This order is distributed to selected offices in Washington headquarters, regional offices, service area offices, the William J. Hughes Technical Center, the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, and to all air traffic field facilities and international aviation field offices.

b.

This order is distributed electronically to all who subscribe to receive email notifications through the FAA's website. All organizations are responsible for viewing, downloading, and subscribing to receive email notifications when changes occur to this order. Subscriptions to air traffic directives can be made through the Air Traffic Plans and Publications website at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ or directly via the following link: https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAFAA/subscriber/new?topic_id=USAFAA_39.

Referenced in This Section

JO 7110.65 2-1-1JO 7110.65 2-1-12JO 7110.65 3-1-3
Next Section 1-2 Terms of Reference

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1-1-1 PURPOSE OF THIS ORDER

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