Advisory Circulars

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AC 00-1.1B gives information to help determine whether government-owned or government-contracted manned and unmanned aircraft operations within the United States are public or civil operations under 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(41) and 40125.

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AC 89-3 gives guidance on applying for an FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA), a defined area where unmanned aircraft may fly without remote identification, under 14 CFR part 89 subpart C.

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AC 91-57D explains how recreational flyers can operate unmanned aircraft under the limited recreational exception in 49 U.S.C. 44809, and covers community-based organization (CBO) recognition, fixed flying sites, and CBO aviation events.

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AC 107-2A gives guidance on remote pilot certification, aircraft registration and marking, airworthiness, and operation of small unmanned aircraft systems under 14 CFR part 107, for remote pilots and operators.

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AC 60-28B introduces the FAA Aviation English Language Standard (AELS) and explains how evaluators determine whether applicants and certificate holders under 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107 meet it.

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AC 61-65K gives guidance on 14 CFR part 61 certification standards, knowledge test procedures, and endorsements for pilot and instructor applicants, pilots, flight and ground instructors, and examiners.

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AC 61-67C explains the stall and spin awareness training required under 14 CFR part 61, guides flight instructors who give it, and summarizes the spin standards of 14 CFR 23.221.

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AC 61-83K gives guidance for preparing and gaining FAA approval of training course outlines for industry-conducted flight instructor refresher courses (FIRC) under 14 CFR 61.197(b)(2)(iii), including their training, testing, and certificate standards.

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AC 61-91K describes WINGS, the FAA's voluntary pilot proficiency program of knowledge and flight activities aimed at leading accident causal factors, for general aviation pilots, including student pilots, and flight instructors.

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AC 61-98E helps general aviation pilots and flight and ground instructors comply with the flight review in 14 CFR 61.56 and the recent experience and instrument proficiency check requirements of 14 CFR 61.57.

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AC 61-136B explains how manufacturers obtain FAA approval of basic and advanced aviation training devices (BATDs and AATDs) under 14 CFR 61.4(c), and how those devices may be used for pilot training and experience.

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AC 61-138A gives courseware guidelines for the Airline Transport Pilot Certification Training Program (ATP CTP) required by 14 CFR 61.156.

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AC 61-141 helps flight instructors acting as certifying officials review and accept Student Pilot Certificate and Remote Pilot Certificate applications, whether submitted through IACRA or on paper.

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AC 61-142 explains how a pilot may share flight expenses with passengers under 14 CFR 61.113(c), and how expense-sharing flights relate to operations that require a 14 CFR part 119 Operating Certificate.

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AC 61-146 gives guidance on the MOSAIC changes to 14 CFR part 61 for sport pilot certification, training, and operations, flight instructors with a sport pilot rating, and aircraft with simplified flight controls.

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AC 90-48E helps pilots, instructors, student pilots, training providers, and examiners meet the regulatory obligation to see and avoid other aircraft, addressing human contributors to midair and near midair collisions.

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AC 90-66C recommends traffic patterns, radio phraseology, and procedures for airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter-than-air aircraft, parachutes, and ultralights operating at airports without an operating control tower.

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AC 90-114C gives guidance on conducting ADS-B operations under 14 CFR 91.225 and 91.227, with appendices on ADS-B In applications such as the In-Trail Procedure, CAVS, Interval Management, and CAS-A.

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AC 91-36D encourages pilots making VFR flights near noise-sensitive areas to fly higher than the minimum altitudes the regulations permit and to choose flight paths that reduce aircraft noise there.

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AC 91-63D defines temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) and flight limitations, the conditions for establishing them, and who may request and issue them, for pilots and organizations requesting TFRs.

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AC 91-73B gives guidelines for developing standard operating procedures that prevent runway incursions during taxi, for single pilots under 14 CFR parts 91 and 135 and for flight schools.

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AC 90-100A gives operational and airworthiness guidance for operating on U.S. RNAV routes (Q-routes and T-routes), instrument departure procedures (SIDs and ODPs), and STARs flown by DME/DME/IRU and/or GPS/GNSS equipped aircraft.

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AC 90-105A gives aircraft eligibility and operational guidance for RNP operations, including RNP approaches, baro-VNAV, RNP 1 terminal procedures, rotorcraft RNP 0.3, RNP 2, RNP 4, RNP 10, and Advanced RNP.

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AC 90-107 gives operators guidance for flying RNAV (GPS) approaches to LPV and LP lines of minima using WAAS, covering equipment, operational considerations, training, and operational approval.

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AC 90-108 gives operational and airworthiness guidance on using suitable RNAV systems on conventional, non-RNAV routes and procedures, as a substitute or alternate means of navigation, and on RNAV segments of certain ILS procedures.

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AC 120-108A recommends flying the final approach segment of a nonprecision approach as one continuous descent (CDFA) instead of the "dive and drive" technique.

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AC 00-63B gives flightcrew members and other airmen best practices for using data link to receive weather and aeronautical information in the flight deck, from FAA FIS-B and commercial providers.

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AC 91-67A is for operators under 14 CFR parts 91, 133, and 137 and describes acceptable methods for flying with certain inoperative, nonessential instruments and equipment under 14 CFR 91.213.

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AC 91-78A gives part 91 aircraft owners, operators, and pilots guidance on using electronic flight bags (EFB) in place of required paper information and for hosted databases and software applications.

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AC 91-92 gives pilots a roadmap for preflight self-briefings, covering planning, weather interpretation, and risk identification and mitigation, as guidance for the 14 CFR 91.103 requirement to become familiar with all available flight information.

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AC 91.21-1D gives aircraft owners, operators, and the flying public guidance on complying with 14 CFR 91.21, which restricts portable electronic devices aboard U.S.-registered civil aircraft operating under IFR.

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AC 120-71B gives guidance for designing, developing, implementing, evaluating, and updating standard operating procedures (SOPs), and for defining and training pilot monitoring (PM) duties for flight deck crewmembers.

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AC 61-140A describes enhanced guidelines for autorotation training in helicopters, with particular attention to the 180-degree autorotation.

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AC 90-95 examines unanticipated right yaw, or loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE), in helicopters: when it may be encountered, how to prevent it, and how a pilot should react.

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AC 91-32B provides safety guidelines for flightcrews, ground crews, passengers, and others working in and around helicopters, including the standard helicopter hand signals.

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AC 90-117 provides operational guidance for data link communications, such as CPDLC and ADS-C, in U.S. domestic airspace and in oceanic and remote continental airspace.

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AC 120-12A gives FAA personnel and industry general guidelines for deciding whether a current or proposed air transportation operation is private carriage or common carriage.

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AC 120-27F guides operators under parts 91K, 121, 125, and 135 in developing and obtaining approval of an aircraft weight and balance control program.

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AC 120-57C describes how U.S. airports may develop and maintain a voluntary FAA Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (LVO/SMGCS) plan.

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AC 120-60B provides a standard means of obtaining approval of a ground deicing and anti-icing program under 14 CFR 121.629, including deicing by another certificate holder or contractor.

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AC 120-66C provides guidance for establishing an Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP), under which employees of air carriers, repair stations, and other eligible entities voluntarily report safety information.

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AC 120-74B gives guidelines for standard operating procedures that crews of aircraft with two or more pilots use during taxi to avoid causing a runway incursion.

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AC 120-76E gives guidance for operators under parts 91K, 121, 125, and 135 on authorizing the use of electronic flight bags (EFBs) through an EFB program.

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AC 120-82 describes how to develop, implement, and operate a voluntary Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) program acceptable to the FAA.

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AC 120-90 describes the rationale and procedure for conducting a Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), a voluntary airline safety program built on jumpseat observations.

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AC 120-101 gives aviation safety inspectors and air carrier managers information on overseeing and evaluating operational control under 14 CFR part 121.

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AC 135-17 is a pocket pilot guide to ground deicing and anti-icing for small aircraft, including commuter, air taxi, and general aviation airplanes.

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AC 00-34B contains information and guidance for servicing, ground handling, and marshalling aircraft, with ICAO hand signals for marshalling airplanes and rotorcraft.

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AC 00-65A gives guidance for towbar and towbarless movement of aircraft by operators under 14 CFR parts 91, 91 subpart K, 121, 125, 129, and 135.

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AC 20-37E describes maintenance procedures for aircraft propellers during their service life, recommends minimum requirements for field maintenance, and gives a checklist for propeller annual inspections.

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AC 20-62E gives information and guidance for determining the quality, eligibility, and traceability of aeronautical parts and materials intended for installation on U.S. type-certificated products and articles.

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AC 20-105C discusses the causes of reciprocating engine power-loss accidents and how to prevent them, and gives generic charts for setting up an engine trend monitoring program.

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AC 20-109B describes the Service Difficulty Reporting System (SDRS) methods for reporting in-service failures, malfunctions, and defects under 14 CFR 91.1415, 121.703, 125.409, 135.415, and 145.221.

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AC 39-7D gives aircraft owners and operators guidance on their responsibility for complying with airworthiness directives (ADs) and recording AD compliance in the appropriate maintenance records.

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AC 43-4B summarizes current data on identifying and treating corrosive attack on aircraft structures and engine materials, as guidance for operators and maintenance organizations developing a corrosion control program.

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AC 43-9D explains the maintenance recordkeeping and record-making requirements of 14 CFR parts 43 and 91, and how to complete FAA Form 8130-3 as an approval for return to service.

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AC 43-11 explains reciprocating engine overhaul terminology and standards, including fits and limits, major and top overhaul, and what "remanufactured" and zero-time mean.

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AC 43-12A explains preventive maintenance: who may perform it, the standards of performance that apply, who may approve it for return to service, and how it is recorded.

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AC 43-18 gives one means of complying with 14 CFR parts 21 and 43 when maintenance personnel design and fabricate parts that they install while performing maintenance or alterations.

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AC 43-210A describes a standardized procedure for requesting FAA approval of technical data for major repairs and major alterations, including field approval and the field approval checklist.

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AC 43-213A gives guidance on developing procedures for part marking and re-marking during maintenance, alteration, and fabrication, including owner- or operator-produced parts.

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AC 43-214A gives an acceptable means of compliance for procedures and facilities used to repair and alter adhesively bonded (including metal bond) and fiber-reinforced composite aircraft structure.

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AC 43-215 describes standardized procedures for calibrating an aircraft magnetic compass, the "compass swing," to minimize errors caused by aircraft-induced magnetic fields.

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AC 43.9-1G gives instructions for completing FAA Form 337, Major Repair and Alteration (Airframe, Powerplant, Propeller, or Appliance), item by item.

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AC 43.13-1B contains methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the FAA for inspections and minor repairs of nonpressurized areas of civil aircraft, unless the manufacturer's instructions recommend against the repair.

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AC 43.13-2C contains methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the Administrator for inspecting and altering nonpressurized areas of civil aircraft of 12,500 pounds gross weight or less.

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AC 45-2E gives guidance on 14 CFR part 45: identification plates for aircraft and engines, identification marking of propellers, and display of nationality and registration marks (the N-number) on civil aircraft.

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AC 65-30B gives prospective Airframe and Powerplant mechanics and other aviation maintenance professionals general information on careers in aviation maintenance and the requirements of 14 CFR part 65.

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AC 91-26A advises general aviation operators and maintenance personnel on the maintenance and handling of air-driven gyroscopic instruments and their air filters.

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AC 120-72A describes references and training materials for building a Maintenance Human Factors (MxHF) training program matched to an organization's needs.

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AC 147-3C gives guidance on certification and operation of aviation maintenance technician schools (AMTS) under 14 CFR part 147.

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AC 00-46F gives guidance on submitting reports under the FAA's Aviation Safety Reporting Program, in which NASA, as a third party, receives and de-identifies reports of actual or potential safety discrepancies and deficiencies.

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AC 60-22 gives introductory, background, and reference material on aeronautical decision making (ADM): a systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management, and how personal attitudes influence decisions.

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AC 61-107B alerts pilots moving into complex, high-performance aircraft to the physiological, equipment, and aerodynamic considerations of flight above 25,000 feet MSL or at Mach numbers above .75.

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AC 61-134 explains the controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) risk facing general aviation pilots and helps flight instructors and other trainers build CFIT training materials.

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AC 70-2B gives aircrews and the aviation community guidance on reporting unauthorized laser illumination of aircraft and describes how air traffic control reports, broadcasts, and shares information about laser incidents.

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AC 90-23H explains wake vortex characteristics, alerts pilots to the hazards of wake encounters, recommends operational procedures to avoid them, and gives encounter recovery and reporting guidance.

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AC 90-109A helps owners, pilots, and flight instructors plan a transition to an unfamiliar fixed-wing airplane, type-certificated or experimental, with training recommendations grouped by airplane family.

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AC 91-74B is a reference guide for airplane pilots, including those under 14 CFR parts 91, 121, 125, and 135, on the principal factors related to flight in icing conditions.

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AC 91-75 gives an approved method for replacing the rate-of-turn indicator required by 14 CFR 91.205(d)(3) with a second attitude indicator in part 23 airplanes under 12,500 pounds operated under part 91.

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AC 91-79B gives pilots and operators ways to identify and manage landing-phase risk, covering predeparture landing distance planning, time of arrival (TOA) landing distance assessments, braking action reports, the RCAM, and runway overrun hazards.

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AC 120-51E gives guidelines for developing, implementing, reinforcing, and assessing crew resource management (CRM) training for flight crewmembers and other personnel essential to flight safety.

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AC 120-109A gives best practices for training, testing, and checking pilots on impending stalls and for training full stalls, including recommended recovery procedures; it is directed to 14 CFR part 121 air carriers.

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AC 120-111 describes recommended upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT) for airplane pilots, giving academic and flight simulation training device guidance to prevent upsets and ensure correct recovery responses.

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AC 68-1A explains BasicMed, which lets pilots exercise student, recreational, and private pilot privileges in certain small aircraft without a current medical certificate, for pilots and the State-licensed physicians examining them.

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AC 117-2 gives guidelines for developing and implementing the Fatigue Education and Awareness Training Program that 14 CFR 117.9 requires of 14 CFR part 121 certificate holders operating under part 117.

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AC 117-3 describes acceptable methods of complying with the fitness for duty requirement of 14 CFR 117.5 and helps educate flightcrew members about the potential for fatigue caused by commuting.

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AC 120-100 describes the basic science of human fatigue, the conditions in aviation work that cause it, and how individuals and operators can reduce fatigue or its effects.

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AC 120-103A explains Fatigue Risk Management Systems under 14 CFR 117.7, data-driven alternative methods of compliance through which a certificate holder, with FAA approval, may exceed flightcrew flight, duty, or rest limitations.