Sport Pilot and Flight Instructors with a Sport Pilot Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category

Foreword

FAA-S-8081-30B, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air is published by the FAA to establish the standards for sport pilot practical tests and proficiency checks for the airship, balloon, and flight instructor. Aviation safety inspectors and designated evaluators shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful in practical test preparation.

FAA-S-8081-30B supersedes FAA-S-8081-30A, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards for Airship, Balloon, and Flight Instructor.

Major Enhancements to Version FAA-S-8081-30B

Introduction

General Information

The FAA has published this PTS to establish the standards for the knowledge and skills necessary for the issuance of a Sport Pilot Certificate, Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot Rating, Sport Pilot additional privileges to operate an additional category or class of aircraft and Flight Instructor additional privileges seeking to provide training in an additional category or class of aircraft at the sport pilot level. Aviation safety inspectors and pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight Instructors and Commercial Lighter-Than-Air pilots shall conduct proficiency checks in accordance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful during training and when preparing for the practical test or proficiency check. The FAA has developed this PTS as the standard that shall be used by aviation safety inspectors and pilot examiners when conducting sport pilot and flight instructor with a sport pilot rating practical test, and by authorized instructors when conducting proficiency checks.

Throughout this PTS, the following titles will be referred to as an evaluator: ASI, pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners), TCE, chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, check instructor of a pilot school holding examining authority, or authorized instructor.

A proficiency check is an evaluation of aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.321 or 61.419. A proficiency check must be administered using the appropriate PTS for the category of aircraft when a pilot or a flight instructor adds new category/class privileges. Upon successful completion of the proficiency check, the authorized instructor will endorse the applicant’s logbook, indicating the added category/class of aircraft that the applicant is authorized to operate. When an evaluator conducts a proficiency check, they are acting in the capacity of an authorized instructor.

Pilot examiners must have designation authority to conduct sport pilot initial evaluations and flight instructors with a sport pilot rating initial evaluations per FAA Order 8000.95, Designee Management Policy.

This PTS describes directive information in terms such as “shall” and “must,” indicating that the actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms such as “should” and “may,” indicating that the actions are desirable or permissive but not mandatory.

This PTS is available for download, in PDF format, from https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_standards.

Comments regarding this PTS may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov.

PTS Concept

14 CFR part 61 specifies the subject areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a certificate. The practical test standards contain the Areas of Operation and specific Tasks in which competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Per 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, adherence to the practical test standards is mandatory.

PTS Description

This PTS contains the following:

Section 1—Sport Pilot Airship

Section 2—Sport Pilot Balloon

Section 3—Sport Pilot Flight Instructor (The flight instructor section contains a separate introduction in section 3.)

The Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards include the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs for the issuance of an initial Sport Pilot Certificate and for the addition of Sport Pilot category/class privileges. They also contain information on how to obtain an initial Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot rating and for the addition of flight instructor category/class privileges. AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test or proficiency check arranged in a logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Preflight Preparation and end with Postflight Procedures. The evaluator may conduct the practical test or proficiency check in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test. An authorized instructor may conduct a proficiency check in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test or proficiency check shall be accomplished before the flight portion. TASKs are specific knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION.

NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the AREA OF OPERATION or TASK. REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK. Descriptions of TASKs are not included in these standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be used for reference if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications.

This PTS is based on the following references.

14 CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification 14 CFR part 68 Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft without a Medical Certificate 14 CFR part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points 14 CFR part 73 Special Use Airspace 14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules 49 CFR part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making

AC 60-28 FAA English Language Skill Standard for an FAA certificate Issued Under 14 CFR Parts 61,63, 65, and 107 AC 61-65 Certification: Pilot and Flight and Ground Instructors AC 61-98 Currency and Additional Qualification Requirements for the Flight Review and Instrument Proficiency Check AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight Into Terrain Awareness AC 90-23 Aircraft Wake Turbulence

AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance

AC 90-66 Non-Towered Airport Flight Operations

AC 91-71 Operation of Hot Air Balloons with Airborne Heaters

AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook

FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook

FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook

FAA-H-8083-11 Balloon Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

FAA-H-8083-28 Aviation Weather Handbook

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

Other Airship Flight Manual

Airship Pilot Manual

Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual

Balloon Digest (Balloon Federation of America)

How To Fly A Balloon (Balloon Publishing Co.)

Navigation Equipment Operations Manuals

Pilot Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Flight Manual

Aeronautical Navigation Charts

Chart Supplements

NOTE: Users should refer to the current editions of the reference documents listed above. The current editions of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes:

1. specifically what the applicant must be able to do;

2. conditions under which the TASK is to be performed;

3. acceptable performance standards; and 4. safety considerations, when applicable.

Abbreviations/Acronyms

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations AC

Advisory Circular

ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making

AGL Above Ground Level

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

ASI Aviation Safety Inspector

ATC Air Traffic Control

CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain

CRM Crew Resource Management

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

GFA Graphical Forecasts for Aviation

IACRA Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application ID

Identification

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

NAS National Airspace System

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

PDF Portable Document Format

POH Pilot’s Operating Handbook

PTS Practical Test Standards

SRM Single-Pilot Resource Management

SOP Standard Operating Procedures

SS Single-Seat

SUA Special Use Airspace

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCE Training Center Evaluator

TFR Temporary Flight Restrictions

U.S. United States

VFR Visual Flight Rules

Use of the PTS

The FAA requires that all sport pilot and sport pilot flight instructor practical tests and proficiency checks be conducted per the appropriate sport pilot practical test standards. Applicants shall be evaluated in ALL TASKs included in each AREA OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standard, unless otherwise noted.

In preparation for each practical test or proficiency check, the evaluator - or authorized instructor shall develop a written “plan of action.” Unless noted otherwise, the “plan of action” shall include all TASKs in each AREA OF OPERATION. If the elements in one TASK have already been evaluated in another TASK, they need not be repeated.

For example, the “plan of action” need not include evaluating the applicant on complying with markings and signals at the end of the flight, if that element was sufficiently observed at the beginning of the flight. Any TASK selected for evaluation during a practical test or proficiency check shall be evaluated in its entirety. Exception: evaluators evaluating single-seat applicants from the ground shall evaluate only those TASK elements that can be accurately assessed from the ground. The evaluator or authorized instructor is not required to follow the precise order in which the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this PTS. The evaluator or authorized instructor may change the sequence or combine TASKs with similar Objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test or proficiency check events.

The evaluators or authorized instructor’s “plan of action” shall include the order and combination of TASKs to be demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid test.

The evaluator or authorized instructor is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions, both meteorological and topographical, at the time of the test, as well as the applicant’s workload, and the condition of the aircraft used during the practical test or proficiency check. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, the applicant is expected to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Special Emphasis Areas

Evaluators and authorized instructors shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operations considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:

1. positive aircraft control;

2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls;

3. collision avoidance;

4. wake turbulence and low level wind shear avoidance;

5. runway incursion avoidance;

6. CFIT;

7. ADM and risk management;

8. SRM and CRM;

9. wire strike avoidance;

10. checklist usage;

11. spatial disorientation;

12. TFR;

13. SUA;

14. aviation security; and 15. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test or proficiency check. Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each TASK, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test or proficiency check. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to the situation or TASK.

Sport Pilot—Practical Test Prerequisites (Initial)

14 CFR part 61, section 61.39 and subpart J, provide practical test and certification prerequisites.

Sport Pilot—Additional Privileges

If you hold a Sport Pilot Certificate or higher and seek to operate an additional category or class of aircraft, you must comply with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.321. If you hold a Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot Rating or higher and seek to operate an additional category or class of aircraft, you must comply with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.419.

Aircraft and Equipment Requirements

14 CFR part 61, section 61.45, provides requirements for aircraft and equipment for the practical test. The aircraft utilized for sport pilot and sport pilot flight instructor practical tests and proficiency checks must be accomplished in an aircraft that meets the design and performance limitations as defined in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.316.

Single-Seat Aircraft Practical Test

Applicants for a Sport Pilot Certificate may elect to take their test in a single-seat aircraft. The FAA established in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45(f) specific requirements to allow a practical test for a Sport Pilot Certificate ONLY. This provision does not allow a practical test for a Flight Instructor Certificate, or Recreational Pilot Certificate, or higher to be conducted in an aircraft that has a single-pilot seat. With certain limitations, the practical test for a Sport Pilot Certificate may be conducted from the ground by an evaluator. The evaluator must agree to conduct the practical test in a single-seat aircraft and must ensure that the practical test is conducted in accordance with the sport pilot practical test standards for single-seat aircraft. Knowledge of all TASKs applicable to their category/class of aircraft will be evaluated orally. Single-seat sport pilots shall demonstrate competency in those specific TASKs identified by a NOTE in the AREA OF OPERATION for a single-seat practical test and any other TASKs selected by the evaluator. Evaluators evaluating single-seat applicants from the ground shall evaluate only those TASK elements that can be accurately assessed from the ground. The evaluator must maintain radio contact with the applicant and be in a position to observe the operation of the aircraft while evaluating the proficiency of the applicant from the ground. Upon successful completion of the practical test, the pilot certificate will be issued with a limitation “No passenger carriage and flight in a single-seat aircraft only.” Only a pilot examiner or ASI is authorized to remove this limitation when the sport pilot takes a complete practical test in a two-place aircraft. This practical test may be conducted in the same or an additional category of aircraft.

Single-Seat Aircraft Proficiency Check

Sport pilot proficiency checks may be performed for an additional category or privilege in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.321, to be added to a Sport Pilot Certificate or higher using a single-seat aircraft, provided the authorized instructor is a pilot examiner. When a pilot examiner conducts a proficiency check, they are acting in the capacity of an authorized instructor. The authorized instructor must agree to conduct the practical test in a single-seat aircraft and must ensure that the proficiency check is conducted in accordance with the sport pilot practical test standards for single-seat aircraft. Knowledge of all TASKs applicable to the category or class of aircraft will be evaluated orally. Those pilots seeking sport pilot privileges in a single-seat aircraft shall demonstrate competency in those specific TASKs identified by a NOTE in the AREA OF OPERATION for a single-seat proficiency check and any other TASKs selected by the authorized instructor. Authorized instructors evaluating single-seat applicants from the ground shall evaluate only those TASK elements that can be accurately assessed from the ground.

The authorized instructor must have radio contact and be able to observe the operation of the aircraft and evaluate the applicant's proficiency from the ground.

On successful completion of a proficiency check, the authorized instructor will issue an endorsement with the following limitation: “No passenger carriage and flight in a single-pilot seat aircraft only (add category/class/)” limiting their operations to a single-seat aircraft in this category and class. The authorized instructor must sign this endorsement with their flight instructor and pilot examiner number.

This limitation can be removed by successfully completing a complete proficiency check in an aircraft that meets the design and performance limitations as defined in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.316, in that specific category and class, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.321. This proficiency check must be conducted in the same category and class of aircraft. Upon successful completion of the proficiency check, the applicant will be given an endorsement for the aircraft privilege sought.

Evaluator Responsibility

The evaluator conducting the practical test or authorized instructor conducting the proficiency check is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill of each TASK within each appropriate AREA OF OPERATION. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill” portions of the practical test or proficiency check, this oral portion becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s knowledge of TASKs and related safety factors, should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check. Evaluators and authorized instructors shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant’s correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout the practical test or proficiency check.

If the evaluator or authorized instructor determines that a TASK is incomplete or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may require the applicant to repeat that TASK, or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification process. When practical, the remaining TASKs of the practical test or proficiency check phase should be completed before repeating the questionable TASK.

The evaluator or authorized instructor shall use scenarios when applicable to determine that the applicant can use good risk management procedures in making aeronautical decisions. Examples of TASKs where scenarios would be advantageous are weather analysis, performance planning, and runway/landing area selection.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check, the evaluator or authorized instructor shall evaluate the applicant’s knowledge and practical incorporation of special emphasis areas.

Flight Instructor Responsibility

An appropriately rated authorized flight instructor is responsible for training the sport pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the Tasks within the appropriate PTS.

Because their teaching activities impact the development of safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge and skill and be able to impart that knowledge and skill to learners. Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to perform safely as a sport pilot and is competent to pass the required practical test.

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Aeronautical Information Manual.

Practical Test—Sport Pilot-Satisfactory Performance

14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(a), describes the satisfactory completion of the practical test for a certificate or rating.

Practical Test—Sport Pilot-Unsatisfactory Performance

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any Task performed, the associated Area of Operation is considered unsatisfactory and, therefore, the practical test is failed. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification are:

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. When a disapproval notice is issued, the evaluator records the applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of the Area of Operations and specific Task(s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The Area(s) of Operation/Task(s) not tested and the number of practical test failures must be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval must indicate the associated TASK.

Proficiency Check—Sport Pilot-Satisfactory Performance When Adding an Additional Category/Class Satisfactory performance of TASKs to add category/class privileges is based on the applicant’s ability to safely:

1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for the certificate or privileges sought within the approved standards;

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of each TASK performed never seriously in doubt;

3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the approved standards;

When an applicant is adding a category/class privilege to their Sport Pilot Certificate, the authorized instructor, upon satisfactory completion of the proficiency check, shall endorse the applicant’s logbook indicating that the applicant is qualified to operate the additional sport pilot category/class of aircraft. The authorized instructor shall forward FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application to the Civil Aviation Registry within 10 days or submit the application through IACRA.

Proficiency Check—Sport Pilot-Unsatisfactory Performance When Adding an Additional Category/Class When the applicant’s performance does not meet the standards in the PTS, the authorized instructor conducting the proficiency check shall annotate the unsatisfactory performance on the FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and forward it to the Civil Aviation Registry within 10 days or submit the application through IACRA. A Notice of Disapproval will NOT be issued in this instance; rather, the applicant should be provided with a list of the AREAS OF OPERATION and the specific TASKs not meeting the standard, so that the applicant may receive additional training. When the applicant receives the additional training in the AREAS OF OPERATION and the specific TASK(s) found deficient during the proficiency check, the recommending instructor shall endorse the applicant’s logbook, indicating that the applicant has received additional instruction and has been found competent to pass the proficiency check. The applicant shall complete a new FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and the recommending instructor shall endorse the application. The authorized instructor, other than the one who provided the additional training, shall evaluate the applicant on all TASKS applicable to the additional aircraft privilege sought. When the applicant successfully accomplishes a complete proficiency check, the authorized instructor shall forward the FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application to the Civil Aviation Registry, within 10 days, or submit the application through IACRA, and endorse the applicant’s logbook indicating the airman’s additional category/class privileges.

ADM, Risk Management, CRM, and SRM

Throughout the practical test, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s ability to use sound aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to identify hazards and mitigate risk. The evaluator must accomplish this requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate and combine Tasks appropriate to assessing the applicant’s risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the evaluator may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. In assessing the applicant’s performance, the evaluator should take note of the applicant’s use of CRM and, if appropriate, SRM. CRM/SRM is the set of competencies that includes situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, and decision-making within a comprehensive framework of SOP. SRM specifically refers to the management of all resources onboard the aircraft, as well as outside resources available to the single pilot.

If an applicant fails to use ADM, including CRM/SRM, as applicable in any Task, the evaluator will note that Task as failed.

Applicant’s Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test or proficiency check, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific Task being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist while accomplishing the elements of the Objective would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning would be considered when using a checklist.

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests or Proficiency Checks

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the flight deck/gondola/carriage/basket, the evaluator should simulate a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process, subsequently described, in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Letter of Discontinuance

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, or illness), FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, is to be returned to the applicant. The evaluator at that time prepares, signs, and issues a Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance should identify the Areas of Operation and their associated Tasks of the practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant should be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance must be presented to the evaluator when the practical test is resumed and made part of the certification file.

Section 1 Sport Pilot Airship

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name

Location

Date/Time

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL RECORDS

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

VII. NAVIGATION

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by:

1. Explaining— a. Certificate privileges, limitations, and currency experience.

c. Pilot logbook or flight records.

2. Locating and explaining— a. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, Airship Flight Manual/POH, and flight training supplement.

c. Weight and balance data and/or equipment list, as applicable.

B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61 and 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Aircraft Operating Limitations. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness requirements by:

1. Explaining— a. Required instruments and equipment for sport pilot privileges.

2. Explaining— a. Airworthiness directives/safety directives (as applicable to the aircraft brought for flight test).

C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-134; FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to real time weather information appropriate to the specific category/class aircraft by consulting the weather reports, charts, and forecasts from aeronautical weather reporting sources.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; Chart Supplements; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning appropriate to the category/class aircraft.

2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.

3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

7. Selects appropriate navigation system/facilities and communication frequencies, if so equipped.

9. Completes navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 73, 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the NAS by explaining:

1. Basic VFR weather minimums, operating rules, pilot certification, and aircraft equipment requirements for the following classes of airspace— a. Class B.

b. Class C.

c. Class D.

d. Class E.

e. Class G.

2. Special use and other airspace areas.

3. TFRs.

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the aircraft provided for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems:

1. Surface control systems.

2. Flight instruments and associated controls.

3. Landing gear.

4. Engines.

5. Propellers.

6. Fuel and oil system.

7. Electrical system.

8. Envelope/ballonet pressure systems.

9. Environmental system.

10. Avionics and auxiliary equipment.

11. Any system unique to the airship flown.

12. Ground support equipment.

G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.

b. Hyperventilation.

c. Middle ear and sinus problems.

d. Spatial disorientation.

e. Motion sickness.

f. Carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. Stress and fatigue.

h. Dehydration.

i. Hypothermia.

H. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and appropriate data, if available from the manufacturer, to determine performance in various phases of flight, including operational characteristics and loading, and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes operating weight, maximum load, and trim condition.

3. Determines airship performance with regard to— a. Weight limitations.

b. Static and dynamic lift capability.

c. Effect of superheat on ballonets(s) and percent of fullness.

e. Temperature and humidity changes on performance and lift.

f. Temperature inversion on descents.

g. Leaks in ballonet(s) and envelope.

h. Average ballonet volume with respect to total envelope volume and service ceiling.

j. Relationship of ballonet fullness to pressure height.

4. Determines airship performance, considering the effects of the following conditions— a. Weights and lift (static and dynamic).

b. Relationship of ballonet fullness to pressure height.

c. Superheat on percent of fullness.

d. Average ballonet volume with respect to total envelope volume.

f. Leaks in ballonets and envelope.

g. Gas purity on lift.

h. Superheat on lift.

i. Maximum rate climb and descent limitations.

I. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements of the principles of flight by describing:

1. Aerostatics— a. Physical properties of gases.

b. Laws of Archimedes, Bernoulli, Boyle, and Charles.

c. Application of these laws (pressure height, superheat, buoyancy).

2. Aerodynamics— a. Fineness ratio.

b. Aerodynamic pressure.

c. Dynamic lift/drag.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select at least TASKs A, C, D, and E as applicable to the aircraft.

A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

3. Verifies the airship is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: FLIGHT DECK/GONDOLA/CAR MANAGEMENT\

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flightdeck/gondola/car management procedures.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting. This shall include the use of an external power source and starting under various atmospheric conditions, as appropriate.

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure, including proper adjustment of engine controls.

D. TASK: UNMASTING AND POSITIONING FOR TAKEOFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Briefs the ground crew and coordinates hand signals and voice commands.

3. Ensures proper envelope pressure and trim before coming off the mast.

5. Divides attention inside and outside the flight deck/gondola/car so as to avoid possible immediate takeoff after coming off the mast.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GROUND HANDLING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground handling, appropriate to the airship provided for the practical test.

2. Determines the required number of crew members, considering the weather conditions, the status of the airship, and the method of handling.

3. Briefs the ground crew on all pertinent phases of ground handling procedures.

5. Recognizes undesirable airship movement and takes appropriate action.

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the flight deck/gondola/car.

6. Reviews takeoff performance, wind direction and speed, expected takeoff distance, emergency procedures, and the departure procedure.

7. Ensures that the takeoff path is clear of obstacles.

8. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to takeoff.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

NOTE: If the aircraft is not radio-equipped, this TASK shall be tested orally for procedures ONLY. REFERENCES: 14 CFR Part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications at airports without operating control towers.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This shall include operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport and runway markings, signs and lighting with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.

2. Properly identifies and interprets airport base markings, signs and lighting with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select all TASKs.

A. TASK: GROUND WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground weigh-off.

3. Maintains zero inclination and heading into the wind.

4. Prevents fore-and-aft surge.

5. Checks weigh-off and trim with neutral elevators when the HANDS OFF command is given.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: UP-SHIP TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an upwind takeoff.

3. Ensures that sufficient ground crew is available so as to obtain adequate upward velocity.

6. Uses proper and timely hand signals and voice commands with the ground crew.

8. Applies power as the airship nears the top of its upward thrust.

10. Increases airspeed sufficiently to carry the load dynamically.

C. TASK: WHEEL TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a wheel takeoff. This shall include a wheel takeoff under various degrees of heaviness, including maximum heavy conditions.

3. Positions the airship to utilize the maximum available takeoff area and maintains trim.

6. Attains sufficient airspeed to carry the load dynamically while on the wheel.

8. Maintains directional control and the proper inclination to keep the tail off the ground.

D. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach and landing, including light and heavy airships.

2. Accomplishes static weigh-off prior to commencing the approach.

5. Makes a smooth and gradual approach, maintaining direction and angle of descent.

7. Lands at a speed appropriate for approaching the ground crew.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GO-AROUND

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select at least TASKs A, B, and C.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to straight-and-level flight.

4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±200 feet and the specified heading, ±20°.

B. TASK: ASCENTS AND DESCENTS

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ascents and descents, including limitations.

C. TASK: LEVEL TURNS

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to level turns.

2. Enters, maintains, and rolls out of level turns with smooth, coordinated control application.

D. TASK: IN-FLIGHT WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to in-flight weigh-off.

6. Observes the attitude of the airship and pressure differential in the ballonets.

8. Adjusts trim properly.

E. TASK: MANUAL PRESSURE CONTROL

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to manual pressure control.

3. Monitors the operation of pressure valves and the system.

F. TASK: STATIC AND DYNAMIC TRIM

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to static and dynamic trim.

3. Establishes dynamic trim for various flight conditions.

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

NOTE: The evaluator shall select at least one ground reference maneuver. NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select TASK A.

A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area.

4. Applies adequate wind drift correction during straight-and-turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular reference area.

5. Divides attention between coordinated airship control and the ground track.

B. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

3. Plans the maneuver so as not to descend below 600 feet above the ground at an appropriate distance from the reference point.

4. Applies adequate wind drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point.

5. Divides attention between airship control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-25.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

6. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

7. Verifies the airship’s position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route at all times.

B. TASK: DIVERSION

REFERENCES: AIM; FAA-H-8083-25.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate airport.

4. Makes a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established heading, ±20°.

C. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES

REFERENCES: AIM; FAA-H-8083-25.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: These TASKs are knowledge TASKs only.

A. TASK: ENGINE FIRE DURING FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine fire during flight by explaining the procedures used for:

1. Applying full power in an attempt to blow out the fire in the affected engine.

3. Shutting down the engine, using the checklist, if the fire persists.

5. Follows the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: ENVELOPE EMERGENCIES

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to envelope emergencies by explaining the procedures used for:

1. A puncture or rip in the gas envelope and/or in a ballonet.

3. Rain/icing on the envelope.

4. Emergency valve operations.

5. Emergency air-to-helium operations.

C. TASK: FREE BALLOONING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to free ballooning.

4. Turns off all nonessential electrical equipment.

5. Determines the cause of engine failure and attempts a restart.

9. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

D. TASK: DITCHING AND EMERGENCY LANDING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ditching and emergency landing.

4. Ensures life jackets are on correctly, if ditching.

5. Secures loose equipment.

6. Simulates securing all systems to minimize the chance of fire or other damage.

E. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

NOTE: The evaluator shall not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airship. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications, and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the airship used for the practical test, in at least three (3) of the following areas, if applicable— a. Control system/actuator malfunction.

b. Fuel starvation.

c. Electrical system malfunction.

d. Propeller malfunction.

e. Pressure system malfunction.

F. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR

NOTE: This TASK shall be evaluated orally.

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment appropriate to the following environmental conditions:

2. Large bodies of water.

3. Desert conditions.

4. Extreme temperature changes.

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select all TASKs applicable to the aircraft.

A. TASK: MASTING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to masting.

2. Maintains coordination with the crew chief through the use of proper hand signals and voice commands.

3. Remains in control of airspeed and positions the airship properly.

5. Places the airship in proper trim and ballast when approaching the mast.

B. TASK: POST-MASTING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to post-masting, appropriate to the airship used for the practical test.

2. Uses proper engine shutdown procedures.

3. Complies with equipment requirements for maintaining envelope pressure.

5. Gives consideration to the weather with the airship on the mast.

Section 2 Sport Pilot Balloon

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name

Location

Date/Time

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

VI. NAVIGATION

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Balloon Flight Manual/POH/FAA Operating Limitations.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by:

1. Explaining— a. Certificate privileges, limitations, and currency requirements.

c. Pilot logbook or flight records.

2. Locating and explaining— a. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and flight manual/POH information.

B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 61 and 91; FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Aircraft Operating Limitations.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness requirements by:

1. Explaining— a. Required instruments and equipment for day VFR.

b. Procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of aircraft with inoperative instruments and equipment.

2. Explaining— a. Airworthiness directives/safety directives (as applicable to the aircraft brought for flight test).

b. Maintenance/inspection requirements and appropriate recordkeeping.

C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-134; FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to real time weather information appropriate to the specific category/class aircraft by consulting the weather reports, charts, and forecasts from aeronautical weather reporting sources.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

4. Explains courses of action to safely exit from an inadvertent IMC encounter.

D. TASK: FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; Chart Supplements; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight planning appropriate to the aircraft.

3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

5. Selects the most favorable altitudes considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Selects appropriate navigation system/facilities and communication frequencies, if so equipped.

E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 73, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR weather minimums, operating rules, pilot certification, and aircraft equipment requirements for the following classes of airspace— a. Class B.

b. Class C.

c. Class D.

d. Class E.

e. Class G.

2. Special use and other airspace areas.

3. TFRs.

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the aircraft provided for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems:

1. Fuel system, burners, pilot lights, and associated gauges.

2. Venting and/or deflation systems.

3. Flight instruments and gauges.

4. Avionics/communications system, as appropriate.

G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.

b. Hyperventilation.

c. Middle ear and sinus problems.

d. Spatial disorientation.

e. Motion sickness.

f. Carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. Stress and fatigue.

h. Dehydration.

i. Hypothermia.

H. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Balloon Flight Manual/POH. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of appropriate data, if available from the manufacturer, to determine performance. This shall include operational characteristics and loading, and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

3. Determines balloon performance, considering density altitude, wind, other weather-related conditions, and terrain.

4. Determines normal and maximum rates of ascent and descent, and the altitude required to arrest high rates of descent.

5. Determines envelope temperatures, including never-exceed temperature and maximum continuous temperature, if appropriate.

6. Determines whether the computed performance is within the balloon’s capabilities and operating limitations.

I. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements of the principles of flight by describing:

1. Physical laws applicable to balloon flight. Laws of Archimedes, Bernoulli, Boyle, and Charles.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select at least TASKs A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.

A. TASK: LAUNCH SITE SELECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to launch site selection.

3. Selects a launch site with emphasis on— a. Suitable landing areas.

b. Airspace considerations.

c. Surface wind and winds aloft.

d. Accessibility.

e. Size and surface condition.

f. Hazards and obstacles in the vicinity of the site.

4. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision considering all of the factors involved in the selection of a safe launch site.

B. TASK: CREW BRIEFING AND PREPARATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to crew briefing and preparation.

5. Describes the proposed direction of flight and the estimated time aloft.

7. Supervises and coordinates all activities.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: LAYOUT AND ASSEMBLY

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to layout and assembly.

5. Assembles balloon as appropriate.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to visual inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

b. Fuel system.

c. Flight instruments.

d. Fire extinguisher items.

e. Envelope.

f. Venting and/or deflation systems.

g. Suspension and handling lines.

4. Verifies the balloon is in condition/airworthy for safe flight.

E. TASK: INFLATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to inflation.

2. Accomplishes the proper tie-off procedure, if appropriate.

4. Begins ignition and hot air inflation.

5. Inflates the balloon to a vertical position.

6. Positions and secures the vent/deflation lines.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

F. TASK: BASKET/GONDOLA MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to basket/gondola management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the basket/gondola are secured.

4. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient manner.

G. TASK: PRE-LAUNCH CHECK

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the pre-launch check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.

5. Ensures that the vent/deflation lines are positioned and secured properly.

7. Accomplishes the pre-launch check and confirms that the balloon is in condition/airworthy for safe flight.

8. Accomplishes final coordination with the ground crew, including signals and emergency procedures.

9. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to launch.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

NOTE: If the aircraft is not radio-equipped, this TASK shall be tested orally for procedures ONLY. REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications at airports without operating control towers.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select all TASKs.

A. TASK: NORMAL LAUNCH

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal launch.

3. Recognizes equilibrium.

4. Uses the tie-off quick-release line correctly, if appropriate.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: LAUNCH OVER OBSTACLE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a launch over an obstacle.

3. Considers the distance to the obstacle relative to the wind conditions.

6. Acts decisively so as to clear the obstacle safely.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: APPROACH TO LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach to landing.

3. Establishes the appropriate approach profile and rate(s) of descent.

5. Stows loose articles and secures equipment, as appropriate.

D. TASK: NORMAL LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal landing.

3. Touches down within the designated area or aborts the landing and ascends as specified by the evaluator.

4. Uses burner controls, vent/deflation system properly to stabilize the balloon on touchdown.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: HIGH-WIND LANDING

NOTE: If a high-wind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of the TASK shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a high-wind landing.

4. Selects a landing site appropriate for high-wind conditions.

5. Prepares the vent/deflation system for use.

6. Uses burner controls and vent/deflation system to land the balloon and control ground travel.

8. Extinguishes pilot lights at the appropriate time.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select at least TASKs A, B, C, D, E, and F.

A. TASK: ASCENTS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ascents.

2. Transitions from level flight to ascent, as specified by the evaluator.

4. Transitions from ascent to level flight at an altitude specified by the evaluator ±100 feet.

B. TASK: ALTITUDE CONTROL (LEVEL FLIGHT)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to altitude control.

3. Maintains equilibrium by smooth use of burner controls.

4. Uses instruments to assist in altitude control.

5. Maintains assigned altitudes, ±100 feet.

C. TASK: DESCENTS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to descents.

2. Transitions from level flight to descent, as specified by the evaluator.

4. Transitions from descent to level flight at an altitude specified by the evaluator, ±100 feet.

D. TASK: CONTOUR FLYING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to contour flying.

3. Considers the effects of wind gusts, wind shear, thermal activity, and orographic conditions.

4. Allows adequate clearance for livestock and other animals.

E. TASK: OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to obstruction clearance.

3. Uses proper procedures to avoid obstructions.

4. Uses proper procedures when a collision is imminent.

F. TASK: TETHERING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to tethering by explaining:

1. The proper recognition of wind conditions and obstructions.

2. The recognition of the effects of false lift and wind gusts.

3. The recommended tethering procedure with emphasis on utilizing an adequate number of appropriate tether lines of adequate strength, in the proper location.

G. TASK: WINTER FLYING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to winter flying by explaining:

1. The proper preparation, equipment, and survival supplies necessary for flight in cold temperatures.

2. The proper methods for pressurizing fuel tanks.

3. The added concerns for fuel vaporization, leaks, and risk of fire during cold weather.

H. TASK: MOUNTAIN FLYING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to mountain flying by explaining:

1. The proper preparation, equipment, and survival supplies necessary for flight over mountainous terrain.

2. The accessibility to landing areas.

3. The recognition of cloud formations and descending air currents on the leeward side of mountains as evidence of possible turbulence.

4. The caution required in regard to windshear encounters and possible rapid weather changes.

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

A. TASK: NAVIGATION

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

5. Manages fuel properly.

6. Determines the duration of the flight, considering— a. Availability of suitable landing areas.

b. Fuel consumption.

c. Wind and other atmospheric conditions.

d. Obstructions.

e. Payload.

7. Notes the differences, if any, between preflight flight planning and the actual flight.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: These TASKs are knowledge TASKs only.

A. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to systems and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the balloon used for the practical test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes the appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as— a. Pilot light flameout or failure.

b. Blast valve failure.

c. Fuel exhaustion.

d. Propane leak.

e. Envelope failure.

f. Any other systems and equipment malfunction appropriate to the balloon provided for the flight test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the balloon provided for the practical test, such as— a. Location and purpose.

b. Method of operation or use.

c. Servicing requirements.

d. Method of safe storage.

e. Equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.

C. TASK: WATER LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to water landing by explaining:

1. The emergency conditions under which water landings are necessary.

3. The preparation required for contact with water, to include briefing passengers.

D. TASK: THERMAL FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to thermal flight by explaining:

1. The conditions that cause thermal activity.

2. The recognition of convective conditions and associated hazards.

4. The procedures to be used upon encountering thermal activity.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

NOTE: For single-seat applicants, the evaluator shall select TASKs A and B.

A. TASK: RECOVERY

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recovery.

2. Coordinates landing and recovery with the landowner, as appropriate.

4. Supervises ground crew during recovery, including vehicle and spectator control.

B. TASK: DEFLATION AND PACKING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to deflation and packing.

3. Deflates envelope properly, considering wind conditions and obstacles.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: REFUELING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual/POH.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to refueling by explaining:

1. A crewmember briefing on safety precautions.

2. The danger of explosion and burns when handling propane.

3. The need for adequate ventilation.

4. Water contamination.

5. The proper method of filling the cylinders, as appropriate.

Section 3 Flight Instructors with a Sport Pilot Rating

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name

Location

Date/Time

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL RECORDS

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist

Flight Instructor Airship

Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

Note: The evaluator must select TASK F and one other TASK.

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS Note: The evaluator must select TASK D and at least one other TASK.

III. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

Note: The evaluator must select at least one maneuver TASK.

Notes listed under each area of operation identify the TASKs that must be tested. In some cases, the specific TASK is identified; in other cases, a minimum number of TASKs are identified.

SECTION 1 OF THE PTS

AREAS OF OPERATION

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

Note: The evaluator must select two TASKs.

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The evaluator must select two TASKs.

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS Note: The evaluator must select TASK C.

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

Note: The evaluator must select two TASKs.

VII. NAVIGATION Note: The evaluator must select one TASK.

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Note: The evaluator must select one TASK.

Instructor’s Proficiency Check Checklist

Flight Instructor Airship

Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

Note: The instructor may select any of the below listed FOI TASKs for a proficiency check. However, these TASKs are not required on a proficiency check.

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS Note: The instructor must select TASK D and at least one other TASK.

III. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

Note: The instructor must select at least one maneuver TASK.

Notes listed under each area of operation identify the TASKs that must be tested. In some cases, the specific TASK is identified; in other cases, a minimum number of TASKs are identified.

SECTION 1 OF THE PTS

AREAS OF OPERATION

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

Note: The instructor must select TASKs F and I.

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The instructor must select TASKs A and D.

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS Note: The instructor must select TASK C.

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

Note: The instructor must select two TASKs.

VII. NAVIGATION Note: The instructor must select one TASK.

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Note: The instructor must select one TASK.

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist

Flight Instructor Balloon

Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

Note: The evaluator must select TASK F and one other TASK.

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS Note: The evaluator must select TASK D and at least one other TASK.

III. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

Note: The evaluator must select one maneuver TASK.

Notes listed under each area of operation identify the TASKs that must be tested. In some cases the specific TASK is identified, in other cases, a minimum number of TASKs are identified.

SEE SECTION 2 OF THE PTS AREAS OF OPERATION

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

Note: The evaluator must select TASKs C, F, AND I.

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The evaluator must select TASKs C and E and one other TASK.

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

Note: The evaluator must select TASK A.

IV. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS Note: The evaluator must select two TASKs.

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Note: The evaluator must select two TASKs

VI. NAVIGATION

Note: The evaluator must select TASK A.

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

Note: The evaluator must select TASK D and one other TASK.

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The evaluator must select one TASK.

Flight Instructor’s Proficiency Check Checklist

Flight Instructor Balloon

Applicant’s Name

Location

Date/Time

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

Note: The instructor may select any of the below-listed FOI TASKs for a proficiency check. However, these TASKs are not required on a proficiency check.

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS Note: The instructor must select TASK D and at least one other TASK.

III. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

Note: The instructor must select one maneuver TASK.

Notes listed under each area of operation identify the TASKs that must be tested. In some cases, the specific TASK is identified; in other cases, a minimum number of TASKs are identified.

SEE SECTION 2 OF THE PTSAREAS OF OPERATION

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

Note: The instructor must select TASKs C, F, AND I.

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The instructor must select TASKs C and E and one other TASK.

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

Note: The instructor must select TASK A.

IV. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS Note: The instructor must select two TASKs.

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Note: The instructor must select two TASKs.

VI. NAVIGATION

Note: The instructor must select TASK A.

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Note: The instructor must select TASK D and one other TASK.

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES Note: The instructor must select one TASK.

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE WITH SPORT PILOT PRIVILEGES

Flight Instructor Practical Test Section Description

This section provides guidance and procedures for obtaining a Flight Instructor Certificate with a sport pilot rating and for adding privileges to an existing Flight Instructor Certificate at the sport pilot level. Information provided in the Introduction of this practical test standard also applies to this section. The evaluator or authorized instructor determines that the applicant meets the TASK Objective through the demonstration of competency in all elements of knowledge and/or skill unless otherwise noted. The Objectives of TASKs in certain AREAS OF OPERATION, such as Fundamentals of Instructing and Technical Subjects, include only knowledge elements. Objectives of TASKs in AREAS OF OPERATION that include elements of skill, as well as knowledge, also include common errors, which the applicant shall be able to describe, recognize, analyze, and correct.

Throughout this PTS, the following titles will be referred to as evaluators: ASI, pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners), TCE, chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, check instructor of a pilot school holding examining authority, or authorized instructor.

At the flight instructor level, the Objective of a TASK that involves pilot skill consists of four parts. The four parts include the determination that the applicant exhibits:

1. instructional knowledge of the elements of a TASK. This is accomplished through descriptions, explanations, and simulated instruction.

2. instructional knowledge of common errors related to a TASK, including their recognition, analysis, and correction.

3. able to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards at a more precise level than that indicated in the sport pilot tolerances.

4. the ability to analyze and correct common errors related to a TASK.

Use of the Flight Instructor Section

The FAA requires that all flight instructor practical tests and proficiency checks be conducted in accordance with the practical test standard. The flight instructor applicant must be prepared to demonstrate the ability to instruct effectively in ALL TASKs included in the AREAS OF OPERATION appropriate to the category/class, unless otherwise noted.

For the purposes of this flight instructor section, a proficiency check is an evaluation of aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.419. A proficiency check shall be administered using the appropriate PTS for the category of aircraft when a flight instructor adds new category/class privileges. Upon successful completion of the proficiency check, the authorized instructor will endorse the applicant’s logbook, indicating the added category/class of equipment that the applicant is authorized to operate. When an evaluator conducts a proficiency check, they are acting in the capacity of an authorized instructor.

All of the procedures and maneuvers to be tested are included in the Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards. The flight instructor section contains the AREAS OF OPERATION that are generic to all flight instructor evaluations. Flight instructors must also be tested on TASKS located in the appropriate category/class section of the PTS. Those TASKs are listed in the evaluator’s practical test checklist and the instructor’s proficiency check checklist. The mandatory TASKs are identified by a note located in each area of operation. In some cases, specific TASKs are identified. In other cases, the evaluator/instructor selects one or more TASKs in an area of operation for evaluation. This allows for the practical test for initial certification and additional privileges to be completed within a reasonable time frame.

The term “instructional knowledge” means the instructor applicant is capable of using the appropriate reference to provide the "application or correlative level of knowledge" of a subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. It also means that the flight instructor applicant’s discussions, explanations, and descriptions should follow the recommended teaching procedures and techniques explained in FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor’s Handbook.

In preparation for the practical test or proficiency check, the evaluator or authorized instructor shall develop a written “plan of action.” The “plan of action” for an initial certification test shall include the required TASKs and one or more TASKs in the Fundamentals of Instruction, Technical Subject Area, and the Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight AREAS OF OPERATION. Additionally, the evaluator shall test the required TASK(s) listed in the evaluator’s practical test checklist for the appropriate category. The “plan of action” shall always include the required TASKs noted in each AREA OF OPERATION. Any TASK selected shall be evaluated in its entirety.

If the applicant is unable to perform a TASK listed in the “plan of action” due to circumstances beyond his/her control, the evaluator or authorized instructor may substitute another TASK from the applicable AREA OF OPERATION.

The “plan of action” used by an authorized instructor for a proficiency check administered for the addition of an aircraft category and/or class privilege to a Flight Instructor Certificate shall include TASKs required in the AREAS OF OPERATION as indicated in the instructor’s proficiency check checklist located in this section.

With the exception of the required TASKs, the evaluator or authorized instructor shall not tell the applicant in advance which TASKs will be included in the “plan of action.” The applicant shall be prepared in ALL knowledge and skill areas included in the standards. Throughout the flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check, the evaluator or authorized instructor shall evaluate the applicant’s ability to simultaneously demonstrate and explain procedures and maneuvers, and to give flight instruction to learners at various stages of flight training and levels of experience. The evaluator or authorized instructor is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated emergency procedures. The evaluator or authorized instructor shall not simulate any condition that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the aircraft. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions, both meteorological and topographical, at the time of the test, as well as the applicant’s workload and the condition of the aircraft used. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Special Emphasis Areas

Evaluators and authorized instructors shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operations considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:

1. positive aircraft control;

2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying the aircraft);

4. wake turbulence and low level windshear avoidance;

5. CFIT;

6. ADM and risk management;

7. checklist usage;

8. spatial disorientation;

9. TFR;

10. SRM and CRM;

11. Wire strike avoidance;

12. SUA;

13. aviation security; and 14. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test or proficiency check.

The evaluator or authorized instructor shall place special emphasis on the applicant’s demonstrated ability to teach precise aircraft control and sound judgment in aeronautical decision making/risk management. Evaluation of the applicant’s ability to teach judgment shall be accomplished by asking the applicant to describe the presentation of practical problems that would be used in instructing learners in the exercise of sound judgment. The evaluator or authorized instructor shall also emphasize the evaluation of the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach the special emphasis areas. Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each TASK, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will be evaluated in accordance with the standards of the TASKs and the ability to use good judgment, referencing the special emphasis areas listed above.

Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Prerequisites—Initial

14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39 and 61.403, provides practical test and certification prerequisites. Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Prerequisites—Additional Privileges A certificated flight instructor seeking privileges to provide flight training in an additional category/class of aircraft must comply with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.419.

Flight Instructor Responsibility

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the flight instructor applicant to acceptable standards in ALL subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKs within each AREA OF OPERATION in the appropriate category/class in this practical test standard. In addition, the rated flight instructor is required to prepare the flight instructor applicant in all TASKs in the AREAS OF OPERATION listed in Section 3.

Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to learners. The flight instructor must certify that the applicant is:

1. able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of instructing;

Throughout the flight instructor applicant’s training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of and the ability to teach effective visual scanning, runway incursion avoidance, and collision avoidance procedures. The flight instructor applicant should develop and use scenario-based teaching methods particularly on special emphasis areas. These areas are covered in AC 90-48, Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook; FAA- H-8083-11, Balloon Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-21, Helicopter Flying Handbook; FAA- H-8083-23, Seaplane, Skiplane and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook; FAA-H- 8083-25, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the current Aeronautical Information Manual.

Evaluator Responsibility

The evaluator conducting the practical test or the authorized instructor conducting the proficiency check is responsible for determining that the applicant meets acceptable standards of teaching ability, knowledge, and skill in the selected TASKs. The evaluator or authorized instructor makes this determination when the applicant has successfully accomplished an Objective that is appropriate to each selected TASK, and includes an evaluation of the applicant’s:

1. ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing;

2. knowledge of, and ability to teach, the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers covered in the TASKs;

3. ability to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards at a more precise level than that indicated in the sport pilot tolerances; and 4. ability to describe, recognize, analyze, and correct common errors related to the skill procedures and maneuvers covered in the TASKs.

It is intended that oral questioning be used at any time during the ground or flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check to determine that the applicant can instruct effectively and has a comprehensive knowledge of the TASKs and their related safety factors.

During the flight portion of the practical test or proficiency check, the evaluator or authorized instructor shall act as a learner during selected maneuvers. This will give the evaluator or authorized instructor an opportunity to evaluate the flight instructor applicant’s ability to analyze and correct simulated common errors related to these maneuvers. The evaluator or authorized instructor will place special emphasis on the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures, and the applicant’s ability to teach those procedures.

Evaluators and authorized instructors should test the applicant’s application and correlation skills to the greatest extent possible. When possible, scenario-based questions should be used during the practical test or proficiency check.

If the evaluator or authorized instructor determines that a TASK is incomplete or the outcome uncertain, the evaluator may require the applicant to repeat that TASK, or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification process. When practical, the remaining TASKs of the practical test or proficiency check should be completed before repeating the TASK in question. Initial Flight Instructor Certification Practical Test—Satisfactory Performance An applicant who seeks initial flight instructor certification will be evaluated in all AREAS OF OPERATION of the standards appropriate to the category/class rating(s) sought. The evaluator shall refer to the evaluator’s practical test checklist, for the appropriate category, located in this section, to determine the TASKs to be tested, in each AREA OF OPERATION. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(a), describes the satisfactory completion of the practical test for a certificate or rating.

Initial Flight Instructor Certification Practical Test—Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the applicable AREA OF OPERATION is considered unsatisfactory, and therefore, the practical test or proficiency check is failed. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c) – (f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters. The evaluator or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test will be continued only with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled to credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the discretion of the evaluator, any TASK may be re-evaluated, including those previously considered satisfactory. Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

2. failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during the demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, and complete with no prompting from the evaluator);

3. any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe flight; or 4. failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

When a Disapproval Notice is issued, the evaluator shall record the applicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA(s) OF OPERATIONS and specific TASK(s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval shall indicate the associated TASK. An example would be: AREA OF OPERATION III, Traffic Patterns, failure to teach proper collision avoidance procedures. Proficiency Check—Satisfactory Performance When Adding an Additional Category/Class The authorized instructor shall refer to the instructor’s proficiency check checklist for the appropriate category/class, located in this section, to determine the TASKs to be tested, in each AREA OF OPERATION. The proficiency check is passed if, in the judgment of the authorized instructor, the applicant demonstrates satisfactory performance with regard to the required tasks in the required Areas of Operation.

When an applicant is adding a category/class privileges to their Flight Instructor Certificate, the evaluating authorized instructor shall, upon successful completion of the proficiency check, endorse the applicant’s logbook indicating that the applicant is qualified to instruct in an additional sport pilot category/class of aircraft. The authorized instructor shall forward FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application to the Civil Aviation Registry within 10 days or submit the application through IACRA.

Proficiency Check—Unsatisfactory Performance When Adding an Additional Category/Class When the applicant’s performance does not meet the standards in the PTS, the authorized instructor conducting the proficiency check shall annotate the unsatisfactory performance on the FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and forward it to the Civil Aviation Registry within 10 days or submit the application through IACRA. A Notice of Disapproval will NOT be issued in this instance; rather, the applicant should be provided with a list of the AREAS OF OPERATION and the specific TASKs not meeting the standard, so that the applicant may receive additional training. Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

2. failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during the demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, and complete with no prompting from the authorized instructor);

3. any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe flight; or 4. failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

When the applicant receives the additional training in the AREAS OF OPERATION and the specific TASK(s) is/are found to be deficient during the proficiency check, the recommending instructor shall endorse the applicant’s logbook, indicating that the applicant has received additional instruction and has been found competent to pass the proficiency check. The applicant shall complete a FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and the recommending instructor shall endorse the application. The authorized instructor, other than the one who provided the additional training, shall evaluate the applicant. When the applicant successfully accomplishes a complete proficiency check, the authorized instructor shall forward the FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application to the Civil Aviation Registry within 10 days or submit the application through IACRA and endorse the applicant’s logbook indicating the airman’s additional privileges.

I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

NOTE: The evaluator shall select TASK F and one other TASK.

A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:

1. Learning theory.

2. Characteristics of learning.

3. Principles of learning.

4. Levels of learning.

5. Learning physical skills.

6. Memory.

7. Transfer of learning.

B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Human behavior— a. Control of human behavior.

b. Human needs.

c. Defense mechanisms.

d. The flight instructor as a practical psychologist.

2. Effective communication— a. Basic elements of communication.

b. Barriers of effective communication.

c. Developing communication skills.

C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period.

3. Application, by the learner, of the material or procedure presented.

D. TASK: TEACHING METHODS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:

1. Material organization.

2. The lecture method.

3. The cooperative or group learning method.

4. The guided discussion method.

5. The demonstration-performance method.

6. Computer-based training method.

E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by explaining:

1. Critique— a. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.

b. Methods and ground rules for a critique.

2. Evaluation— a. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what types to avoid.

c. Characteristics and development of effective written questions.

F. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS ANDRESPONSIBILITIES

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:

1. Aviation instructor responsibilities in— a. Providing adequate instruction.

b. Establishing standards of performance.

c. Emphasizing the positive.

d. Developing plans of action for use during proficiency checks.

2. Flight instructor responsibilities in— a. Providing learner pilot evaluation and supervision.

b. Preparing practical test recommendations and endorsements.

c. Determining requirements for conducting additional training and endorsement requirements.

3. Professionalism as an instructor by— a. Explaining important personal characteristics.

b. Describing methods to minimize learner frustration.

G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity by describing:

1. Developing objectives and standards for a course of training.

3. Requirements for developing a training syllabus.

4. Purpose and characteristics of a lesson plan.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS

NOTE: The evaluator shall select TASK D and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-11; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:

1. How to obtain appropriate medical qualifications.

2. How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible medical deficiency.

b. Hyperventilation.

c. Middle ear and sinus problems.

d. Spatial disorientation.

e. Motion sickness.

f. Carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. Fatigue and stress.

h. Dehydration.

i. Hypothermia.

4. The effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flight safety.

B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25, AC 90-48; FAA-H-8083-3; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:

1. Relationship between a pilot’s physical condition and vision.

3. Vestibular and visual illusions.

4. “See and avoid” concept.

5. Proper visual scanning procedure.

6. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits and increased collision risk.

8. Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.

9. Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.

C. TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61,91; 49 CFR part 830; FAA-H-8083-25; Aircraft Flight Manual/POH; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations and publications:

1. Availability and method of revision of 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91, and 49 CFR part 830 by describing— a. Purpose.

b. General content.

2. Availability of flight information publications, advisory circulars, practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAA-approved airship/balloon flight manuals by describing— a. Availability.

b. Purpose.

c. General content.

D. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate logbook entries.

b. Additional pilot certification.

c. Additional aircraft category/class privileges.

d. Single-seat aircraft.

4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of the required FAA flight review.

5. Required flight instructor records.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

NOTE: Evaluator shall select at least one maneuver TASK and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver, as the lesson would be taught to a learner.

A. TASK: MANEUVER LESSON

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8082-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship/Balloon Flight Manual/POH; Balloon Digest; How to Fly A Balloon.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by:

2. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description, including the elements and common errors.

3. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.

4. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors. NOTE: Refer to the appropriate checklist for the additional items that must be tested in section 1 or 2 of the PTS.