Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category

Foreword

FAA-S-8081-18A, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category is published by the FAA to establish the standards for commercial pilot certification practical tests for the lighter-than-air category, balloon and airship classes. FAA inspectors and designated evaluators shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful in practical test preparation.

FAA-S-8081-18A supersedes FAA-S-8081-18, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Balloon and Airship, dated May 1997.

Major Enhancements to Version FAA-S-8081-18A

Introduction

General Information

The FAA has developed the PTS for use by FAA inspectors and evaluators when conducting the practical test.

Throughout this PTS the following titles will be referred to as an evaluator: ASI, pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners), TCE, chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check instructor of a pilot school holding examining authority.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this PTS in terms such as “shall” and “must,” indicating the actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms such as “should” and “may,” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive, but not mandatory. This PTS is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov. Comments regarding this PTS may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov.

PTS Concept

14 CFR part 61 specifies the subject areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a certificate. The practical test standards contain the Areas of Operation and specific Tasks in which competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Per 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, adherence to the practical test standards is mandatory.

PTS Description

The Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Balloon and Airship include the Areas of Operation and Tasks for the issuance of an initial Commercial Pilot Certificate and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate.

Areas of Operation are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within this standard. They begin with Fundamentals of Instructing and end with Postflight Procedures. The evaluator may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test must be accomplished before the flight portion. Tasks are specific knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an Area of Operation. Note is used to emphasize special considerations required in the Area of Operation or Task. Reference identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the Task. Descriptions of Tasks are not included in the standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications.

These practical test standards are based on the following reference list:

14 CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification 14 CFR part 68 Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft Without a Medical Certificate 14 CFR part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules 49 CFR part 830 NTSB: Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making AC 60-28 FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued under 14 CFR Parts 61, 63, 65, and 107.

AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors AC 61-98 Currency Requirements and Guidance for the Flight Review and Instrument Proficiency Check AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain Awareness AC 90-23 Aircraft Wake Turbulence

AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance

AC 90-66 Non-Towered Airport Flight Operations

AC 91-71 Operation of Hot Air Balloons with Airborne Heaters

AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook

FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook

FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook

FAA-H-8083-11 Balloon Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

FAA-H-8083-28 Aviation Weather Handbook

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

NOTAM Notice to Air Missions

Other Pilot Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Flight Manual

Airship Flight Manual

Airship Pilot Manual

Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual

Balloon Flight Manual

Balloon Digest (Balloon Federation of America)

How To Fly A Balloon (Balloon Publishing Co.)

Navigation Equipment Operations Manuals

Aeronautical Navigation Charts

Chart Supplements

NOTE: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed above. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at: www.faa.gov.

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a Task. The Objective includes:

1. specifically what the applicant must be able to do;

2. the conditions under which the Task is to be performed;

3. the acceptable standards of performance; and 4. safety considerations, when applicable.

Abbreviations/Acronyms

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

AC Advisory Circular

AD Airworthiness Directive

ADM Aeronautical Decision Making

AGL Above Ground Level

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

ATC Air Traffic Control

CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain

CRM Crew Resource Management

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

LBG Lighter-Than-Air, Balloon (Gas)

LBH Lighter-Than-Air, Balloon (with Airborne Heater)

NOTAM Notice to Air Missions

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

POH Pilot Operating Handbook

PTS Practical Test Standard

SRM Single-Pilot Resource Management

SUA Special Use Airspace

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TFR Temporary Flight Restrictions

VFR Visual Flight Rules

Use of the PTS The PTS has been designed to evaluate competency in both knowledge and skill. The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate PTS. Applicants must be evaluated in all Tasks included in the Areas of Operation of the appropriate practical test standard unless otherwise noted.

An applicant, who holds at least a Commercial Pilot Certificate seeking an additional category rating and/or class rating at the commercial pilot level will be evaluated in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of the evaluator, an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks may be conducted. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the commercial level, and the rating table indicates differing required Tasks, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “All” or “None” is indicated for one Area of Operation, the “None” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, the “B” entry applies.

In AREAS OF OPERATION I, II, and IV, the term “instructional knowledge” means the “what,” “why,” and “how” of a subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. It also means that the applicant's discussions, explanations, and descriptions should follow the recommended teaching procedures and techniques explained in FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor's Handbook.

In preparation for each practical test, the evaluator must develop a written “plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for the sole use of the evaluator, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format. The plan of action must contain all of the required Areas of Operations and Tasks and any optional Tasks selected by the evaluator. The “plan of action” must incorporate one or more scenarios that will be used during the practical test.

The evaluator should try to include as many of the Tasks into the scenario portion of the test as possible, but maintain the flexibility to change due to unexpected situations as they arise and still result in an efficient and valid test. Any Task selected for evaluation during a practical test is to be evaluated in its entirety.

The evaluator is not required to follow the precise order in which the Areas of Operations and Tasks appear in this PTS. The evaluator may change the sequence or combine Tasks with similar objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For example, lost procedures may be combined with radio navigation. The evaluator's “plan of action” should include the order and combination of Tasks to be demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid test. The evaluator is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions (both meteorological and topographical) at the time of the test, as well as the applicant's workload and the condition of the aircraft used. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Special Emphasis Areas

Evaluators must place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:

1. positive aircraft control;

2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls;

3. collision avoidance;

4. wake turbulence and low level windshear avoidance;

5. runway incursion avoidance;

6. CFIT;

7. ADM and risk management;

8. SRM and CRM;

9. wire strike avoidance;

10. checklist usage;

11. spatial disorientation;

12. TFR;

13. SUA;

14. aviation security; and 15. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test.

Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each Task, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will be relate to the complete situation.

Commercial Pilot — Lighter-Than-Air Practical Test Prerequisites

14 CFR part 61, section 61.39 and subpart F, provide test and certification prerequisites.

Aircraft and Equipment Requirements

14 CFR part 61, section 61.45, provides requirements for aircraft and equipment for the practical test.

Evaluator Responsibility

An evaluator is:

The evaluator must determine that the applicant meets AELS. An applicant for an FAA certificate or rating must be able to communicate in English in a discernible and understandable manner with ATC, pilots, and others involved in preparing an aircraft for flight and operating an aircraft in flight. This communication may or may not involve radio communications. An applicant for an FAA certificate issued in accordance with 14 CFR part 61 who cannot hear or speak due to a medical deficiency may be eligible for an FAA certificate with specific operational limitations. For additional information, reference AC 60-28, FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107, as amended.

If the applicant's ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question before starting the practical test, the evaluator will not begin the practical test. An evaluator who is not an ASI1 will check the box, Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination, located on the bottom of page 2 of the applicant’s FAA form 8710-1, Application for an Airman Certificate and/or Rating. The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate FSO.

If the applicant's ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question after the practical test begins, an evaluator who is not an ASI will discontinue the practical test and check the box, Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination, on the application. The evaluator will also issue an FAA form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval of Application, with the comment “Does Not Demonstrate FAA AELS” in addition to any unsatisfactory Task(s).

In either case, the evaluator must complete and submit the application file through normal application procedures and notify the appropriate FSO of the referral.

1 ASIs may assess an applicant’s English language proficiency in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1.

The evaluator conducting the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill of each Task within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill" portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s knowledge of Tasks and related safety factors, should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test.

Evaluators must test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout the practical test.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome uncertain, the evaluator may require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision has been made in the interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an unsatisfactory task is permitted during the certification process.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the evaluator must evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures.

Flight Instructor Responsibility

A commercial lighter-than-air pilot exercising flight instructor privileges is responsible for training pilot applicants to acceptable standards in all TASKS appropriate for the rating sought. Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to learners. The instructor shall certify that the applicant is:

1. able to exhibit a practical application of the fundamentals of instructing;

Throughout the applicant's training, the instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of, and the ability to teach, effective visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures. These areas are covered in AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; FAA-H-8083-11, Balloon Flying Handbook; and the Aeronautical Information Manual.

Satisfactory Performance

14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(a), describes satisfactory completion of the practical test for a certificate or rating.

Unsatisfactory Performance

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any Task performed, the associated Area of Operation is failed and, therefore, the practical test is failed. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification are:

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. When a disapproval notice is issued, the evaluator will record the applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of Area of Operations and specific Task(s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The Area(s) of Operation/Task(s) not tested and the number of practical test failures must also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval must indicate the associated Task.

Letter of Discontinuance

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, or illness) FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if applicable, the AKTR, is to be returned to the applicant. The evaluator at that time prepares, signs, and issues a Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance should identify the Areas of Operation and their associated Tasks of the practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant should be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance must be presented to the evaluator when the practical test is resumed and made part of the certification file.

ADM, Risk Management, CRM, and SRM

Throughout the practical test, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s ability to use sound aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to identify hazards and mitigate risk. The evaluator must accomplish this requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate and combine Tasks appropriate to assessing the applicant’s risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the evaluator may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. In assessing the applicant’s performance, the evaluator should take note of the applicant’s use of CRM and, if appropriate, SRM. CRM/SRM is the set of competencies that includes situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, and decision-making within a comprehensive framework of SOP. SRM specifically refers to the management of all resources onboard the aircraft, as well as outside resources available to the single-pilot.

If an applicant fails to use ADM, including CRM/SRM, as applicable in any Task, the evaluator will note that Task as failed.

Applicant's Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific Task being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist while accomplishing the elements of the Objective would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning would be considered when using a checklist.

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the applicant's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and/or outside the flight deck/gondola/carriage/basket, the evaluator should simulate a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process, subsequently described, in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Instrument Privileges — Airship

14 CFR part 61, section 61.3(e), states that no person may act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft under instrument flight rules, or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless, in the case of an airship, they hold a commercial pilot certificate with lighter- than-air category and airship class ratings.

In order to allow an efficient and economical practical test for commercial pilot certification in an airship, the following considerations have been made regarding evaluation of instrument TASKS.

SECTION 1 COMMERCIAL PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR — BALLOON

Addition of a Lighter-Than-Air Balloon Rating to an Existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

LEGEND

ASE—Airplane Single-Engine

AME—Airplane Multiengine

RH— Rotorcraft Helicopter

RG—Rotorcraft Gyroplane

G—Glider

LA—Lighter-Than-Air Airship

If an applicant holds more than one rating on a commercial pilot certificate and the table indicates both ALL and NONE for a particular AREA OF OPERATION, the NONE entry applies. This is logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OF OPERATION on a previous commercial pilot practical test. If an applicant holds a flight instructor certificate, AREAS OF OPERATION I and IV are not required. However, at the discretion of the evaluator, the applicant’s competence in all AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.

Applicant's Practical Test Checklist (Balloon)

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name _

Location _ _

Date/Time

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL RECORDS

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist

Balloon

Applicant’s Name ___________________________________________________ Location___________________________________________________________ Date/Time__________________________________________________________ I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECTS

V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

VI. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

VII. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

IX. NAVIGATION

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

XI. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

NOTE: The evaluator will select TASK F and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:

1. The definition and characteristics of learning.

2. Practical application of the laws of learning.

3. Factors involved in how people learn.

4. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning.

6. Factors of forgetting and retention.

7. How the transfer of learning affects the learning process.

B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of human behavior by describing:

1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of learner potential.

3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.

4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to learning and aeronautical decision-making.

C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period.

3. Application, by the learner, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor.

D. TASK: TEACHING METHODS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:

1. The organization of a lesson, (i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion).

3. The guided discussion method.

4. The demonstration-performance method.

5. Computer/video assisted instruction.

E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by describing:

1. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.

2. Difference between critique and evaluation.

3. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what type to avoid.

5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.

6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards and FAA airman certification standards.

F. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:

1. Characteristics and qualifications of a professional flight instructor.

3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to learner pilot supervision and surveillance.

G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity by describing:

1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.

3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS

A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of aeromedical factors by describing:

1. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

2. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 90-48; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:

1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition and vision.

4. Importance of controlling ascents and descents.

5. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.

C. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Digest.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the principles of flight by describing:

1. Physical laws applicable to balloon flight.

2. Effects of changes in temperature and density altitude on maintaining equilibrium.

D. TASK: REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; 49 CFR part 830; FAA-H-8083-

11; AIM; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of regulations and publications, their purpose, general content, availability, and how to obtain revisions by describing:

2. Flight information publications.

3. Advisory circulars.

4. Practical test standards/airman certification standards.

5. Balloon flight manual.

E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25;

Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system by describing:

1. Definitions and dimensions of Class A, B, C, D, E, and G airspace.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

F. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65, AC 61-98; FAA-H-

8083-9, FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Logbook entry certifying learner’s completion of presolo knowledge test.

5. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for satisfactory completion of the required FAA flight review.

6. Instructor record keeping.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-

8083-25; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of certificates and documents by explaining:

1. Requirements for the issuance of pilot certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

2. Medical requirements.

3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

4. Balloon flight manuals.

5. Balloon maintenance/inspection requirements and associated records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083- 25, FAA-H-8083-28; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of weather information by explaining:

1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Sources available for obtaining weather information.

3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.

4. Use of PIREP's, SIGMET's, and G-AIRMET's.

5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards and their effects on balloon operations.

C. TASK: FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation

Charts; AIM; NOTAM’s; Chart Supplements.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned flight of maximum duration, appropriate to the balloon used for the flight test, as previously assigned by the evaluator. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather.

6. Selects suitable landing areas.

7. Extracts and applies pertinent information from AIM, Chart Supplements, and NOTAMs, as appropriate.

D. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25;

Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of performance and limitations, appropriate to the balloon used for the practical test, by explaining:

2. Computation of operating weight, maximum load, fuel quantity and endurance.

4. Determination of envelope temperatures, including never- exceed temperature and maximum continuous temperature.

5. Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.

6. Factors to be considered in determining that the required performance is within the balloon's capabilities and limitations.

E. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of the operation of systems, as applicable to the balloon used for the practical test, by explaining:

2. Flight instruments and gauges.

3. Venting and/or deflation systems.

4. Avionics/communications system, as appropriate.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

NOTE: Evaluator will select at least one maneuver from AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XI and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the maneuver selected as the lesson would be taught to a learner. Previously developed lesson plans from the applicant’s library may be used.

TASK: MANEUVER LESSON

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Balloon Digest; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by:

1. Using a lesson plan that includes all essential items to make an effective and organized presentation.

2. Stating the objective.

3. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description of the maneuver, including the elements and associated common errors.

4. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.

5. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: LAUNCH SITE SELECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon;

Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of launch site selection.

3. Selects a launch site with emphasis on— a. size and surface condition of site.

b. consideration of accessibility and obstacles.

c. surface wind and winds aloft.

d. obstacles in vicinity of launch site.

e. consideration of suitable landing areas based on wind conditions.

B. TASK: CREW BRIEFING AND PREPARATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; How To Fly A Balloon.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of crew briefing and preparation.

3. Briefs crewmembers in all areas of the flight, including layout and assembly; tie-off, if appropriate; inflation; in-flight; landing; recovery; and emergency procedures.

7. Supervises and coordinates all activities.

C. TASK: LAYOUT AND ASSEMBLY

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of layout and assembly.

4. Completes attachment of all cables and lines and assembles basket to envelope in accordance with the flight manual.

5. Completes an appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a preflight inspection. This shall include the items which must be inspected, reasons for inspecting each item, and how to detect possible defects.

2. Inspects the balloon with reference to the checklist emphasizing the— a. basket and envelope, to include suspension and handling lines.

c. burner and fuel system check.

d. instruments and gauges.

3. Verifies the balloon is in condition for safe flight.

4. Completes an appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: INFLATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of inflation.

3. Positions inflator for initial cold inflation.

4. Begins ignition and hot air inflation.

5. Inflates balloon to a vertical position.

6. Positions and secures the vent/deflation lines.

7. Completes an appropriate checklist.

F. TASK: BASKET/GONDOLA MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of basket/gondola management.

2. Ensures all loose items in the basket/gondola are secured.

G. TASK: PRE-LAUNCH CHECK

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a pre-launch check.

4. Ensures that vent/deflation lines are positioned and secured properly.

6. Accomplishes pre-launch checklist and confirms that the balloon is in safe operating condition.

7. Brings balloon to equilibrium.

8. Divides attention in and around the basket/gondola.

9. Ensures no conflict with traffic prior to launch.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of radio communications by explaining:

1. Selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.

2. Recommended procedure and phraseology for radio voice communications.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

A. TASK: NORMAL LAUNCH

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a normal launch.

3. Recognizes equilibrium.

4. Uses tie-off-quick release line correctly, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes wind conditions and presence of false lift.

6. Appropriately controls lift-off and initial ascent.

B. TASK: LAUNCH OVER OBSTACLE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; Balloon Flight Manual; Balloon Digest. NOTE: If conditions do not allow an additional launch to be performed, the applicant’s knowledge of this TASK shall be evaluated orally.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a launch over an obstacle.

3. Considers distance to the obstacle relative to the wind conditions.

5. Lifts off and acts decisively so as to clear the obstacle safely.

C. TASK: APPROACH TO LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon;

Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an approach to landing.

3. Stows loose articles and secures equipment, as appropriate.

4. Ensures that each occupant is thoroughly briefed and positioned properly in accordance with landing conditions.

5. Check fuel tanks for quantity and selection and completes an appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: STEEP APPROACH TO LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a steep approach to landing.

2. Selects a landing site relative to wind speed and direction.

4. Uses vents and burner controls properly to land balloon and control ground travel.

E. TASK: NORMAL LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a normal landing.

3. Touches down within the selected area or aborts the landing and ascends, if requested by evaluator.

4. Uses burner controls and vent/deflation system properly to stabilize balloon on landing.

F. TASK: HIGH-WIND LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon;

Balloon Flight Manual.

NOTE: If a high-wind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of this TASK shall be evaluated orally.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a high-wind landing.

4. Selects a landing site appropriate for high-wind conditions.

6. Uses burner controls and vent/deflation system to land the balloon and control ground travel.

7. Touches down within the selected area or aborts the landing and ascends, if requested by evaluator.

8. Extinguishes pilot lights and shuts off fuel, as appropriate.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: ASCENTS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of ascents.

4. Transitions from ascent to level flight at an altitude specified by the evaluator, 50 feet.

B. TASK: ALTITUDE CONTROL (LEVEL FLIGHT)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of altitude control.

3. Maintains equilibrium by smooth use of burner controls.

4. Uses instruments to assist in altitude control.

5. Maintains assigned altitudes, 50 feet.

C. TASK: DESCENTS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of descents.

4. Transitions from descent to level flight at an altitude specified by the evaluator, 50 feet.

D. TASK: RAPID ASCENT AND DESCENT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How to Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of a rapid ascent and descent by explaining:

1. Situations requiring use of a rapid ascent and descent.

2. Exceeding manufacturer’s limitations.

3. Potential problems with envelope distortions.

4. Time and altitude required to recover from a rapid descent.

5. Reasons for monitoring temperature control during a rapid ascent and descent.

E. TASK: CONTOUR FLYING (LBH)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; Balloon Flight Manual; How To Fly A Balloon. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of contour flying.

3. Considers effects of wind gusts, wind shear, thermal activity, and orographic conditions.

5. Divides attention between balloon control, ground track, and visual scanning.

F. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT (LBG)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of high altitude flight by explaining:

1. Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.

2. Physiological effects of high altitude flight.

3. Effects of high altitude on fuel system and performance.

4. Density altitude and its effects on flight characteristics.

5. Difficulties associated with altitude control.

G. TASK: OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE (LBH)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of obstacle avoidance by explaining:

1. Importance of timely recognition of obstacles, particularly power lines.

3. Proper procedures to be used if collision is imminent.

H. TASK: TETHERING (LBH)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of tethering by explaining:

1. Recommended procedures to include number, strength, and location of lines in accordance with flight manual.

2. Size of area required, considering wind conditions and obstructions.

4. Importance of briefing ground crew on procedures, to include crowd control.

I. TASK: WINTER FLYING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; AC 91-71; How To Fly A Balloon;

Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of winter flying by explaining:

1. Fuel pressure concerns and proper methods of pressurizing fuel tanks.

J. TASK: MOUNTAIN FLYING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 91-71; How

To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of mountain flying by explaining:

1. Proper preparation, equipment, and survival supplies necessary for flight over mountainous terrain.

2. Availability of and accessibility to landing areas.

3. Recognition of cloud formations and descending air currents on the leeward side of mountains as evidence of possible turbulence.

4. Caution required regarding windshear encounters and possible rapid weather changes.

IX. AREA OF OPERATION:NAVIGATION

TASK: NAVIGATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11, FAA-H-8083-25; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of navigation.

5. Manages fuel properly.

6. Determines duration of the flight, considering— a. availability of suitable landing areas.

b. fuel consumption.

c. wind and other atmospheric conditions.

d. obstacles.

7. Notes differences between planned flight and the actual flight.

X. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of systems and equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the balloon used for the practical test, by explaining recommended pilot action for:

1. Pilot light flameout or failure.

2. Blast valve failure.

3. Fuel exhaustion.

4. Propane leak and/or fire.

5. Any other malfunction that may occur.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of emergency equipment and survival gear, appropriate to the balloon used for the practical test, by explaining:

1. Location and purpose.

2. Method of operation or use.

3. Equipment appropriate for operation in various climates and types of terrain.

C. TASK: WATER LANDING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of a water landing by explaining:

1. The emergency conditions under which water landings are necessary.

3. The preparation required for contact with water, to include briefing passengers.

D. TASK: THERMAL FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of thermal flight by explaining:

1. The conditions that can cause thermal activity.

2. Recognition and effects of thermal activity on balloon flight.

3. The procedures that can be followed when encountering thermal activity.

XI. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: RECOVERY

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; How To Fly A Balloon; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a recovery.

3. Supervises ground crew during recovery, including vehicle and spectator control.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: DEFLATION AND PACK-UP

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Digest; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of deflation and pack-up.

3. Deflates envelope properly, considering wind conditions and obstacles.

7. Completes an appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: REFUELING (LBH)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-11; Balloon Digest; Balloon Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of refueling by explaining:

1. Physical properties of propane.

2. Propane cylinders and related parts.

3. Safety factors, to include ventilation.

4. Danger of explosion and burns.

5. Moisture contamination.

6. Proper method of filling cylinders.

SECTION 2 COMMERCIAL PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR — AIRSHIP Practical Test Standards

Addition of a Lighter-Than-Air/Airship Rating to an Existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

LEGEND:

ASE—Airplane Single-Engine

AME—Airplane Multiengine

RH—Rotorcraft Helicopter

RG—Rotorcraft Gyroplane

G—Glider

LB—Lighter-Than-Air Balloon

If an applicant holds more than one rating on a commercial pilot certificate and the table indicates both ALL and NONE for a particular AREA OF OPERATION, the NONE entry applies. This is logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OF OPERATION on a previous flight instructor practical test. If an applicant holds a flight instructor certificate, AREAS OF OPERAION I and IV are not required. However, at the discretion of the evaluator, the applicant’s competence in all AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.

Applicant's Practical Test Checklist (Airship) Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name _

Location _ _

Date/Time ___________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

PERSONAL RECORDS

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist Airship

Applicant's Name ______________________________________________________ Location _ ____________________________________________________________ Date/Time _____________________________________________________________ A. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

II. TECHNICAL SUBJECTS

V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

VI. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

VIII. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

IX. NAVIGATION

I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING

NOTE: The evaluator will select TASK F and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:

1. The definition and characteristics of learning.

2. Practical application of the laws of learning.

3. Factors involved in how people learn.

4. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning.

6. Factors of forgetting and retention.

7. How the transfer of learning affects the learning process.

B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of human behavior by describing:

1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of learner potential.

3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.

4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to learning and pilot decision making.

C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period.

3. Application, by the learner, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor.

D. TASK: TEACHING METHODS

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:

1. The organization of a lesson, (i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion).

3. The guided discussion method.

4. The demonstration-performance method.

5. Computer/video assisted instruction.

E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by describing:

1. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.

2. Difference between critique and evaluation.

3. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what type to avoid.

5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.

6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards.

F. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:

1. Characteristics and qualifications of a professional flight instructor.

3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to learner pilot supervision and surveillance.

G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity by describing:

1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.

3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS

A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of aeromedical factors by describing:

1. How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.

2. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

3. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

10. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.

B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 90-48; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:

1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition and vision.

4. Various optical illusions.

5. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits and increased collision risk.

8. Situations that involve the greatest collision risk.

C. TASK: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING

REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-9.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the use of distractions by describing:

1. Flight situations where pilot distraction can be a cause factor of aircraft accidents.

D. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the principles of flight by describing:

1. Aerostatics— a. physical properties of gases.

b. laws of Charles, Boyle, and Archimedes.

c. application of these laws (pressure height, superheat, buoyancy).

2. Aerodynamics— a. fineness ratio.

b. aerodynamic pressure.

c. dynamic lift/drag.

E. TASK: AIRSHIP WEIGH-OFF, BALLAST, AND TRIM

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airship weigh-off, ballast, and trim by describing:

1. Purpose of and procedure for weigh-off.

2. Effects of ballast and trim on center of buoyancy and performance.

4. Effects of temperature, pressure, and humidity prior to and during flight.

F. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Airship Pilot Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:

1. Factors of night vision, disorientation, and optical illusions.

3. Thorough preflight inspection to include lighting.

4. Proper adjustment of interior lights, including availability of flashlight.

11. Masting, engine shutdown, and postflight procedures.

G. TASK: REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; 49 CFR part 830; FAA-H-8083-25; Aircraft Flight Manual; AIM; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of regulations and publications, their purpose, general content, availability, and how to obtain revisions by describing:

1. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91 and 49 CFR part 830.

2. Flight information publications.

3. Advisory circulars.

4. Practical test standards.

5. Airship flight manual.

H. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation

Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system by describing:

1. Definition and dimensions of Class A, B, C, D, E, and G airspace.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

I. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65, AC 61-98. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Logbook entry certifying learner’s completion of presolo knowledge test.

5. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for satisfactory completion of an FAA flight review.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of certificates and documents by explaining:

1. Requirements for the issuance of pilot certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

2. Class and duration of medical certificates.

3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

4. Airship flight manuals.

5. Airship maintenance/inspection requirements and associated records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of weather information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on:

1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Sources available for obtaining weather information.

3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.

4. Use of PIREP's, SIGMET's, and G-AIRMET's.

5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind shear.

C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; Airship Pilot Manual; Chart Supplements; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of cross- country flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR cross-country flight of maximum duration, appropriate to the airship used for the flight test, as previously assigned by the evaluator. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight, considering terrain and pressure height.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and communication frequencies.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

D. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship

Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of performance and limitations by explaining:

1. Determination of weight and trim condition.

2. Use of performance charts, tables, and other data in determining performance in various phases of flight.

3. Effects of the following conditions on airship performance— a. weights and lift (static and dynamic).

b. relationship of ballonet fullness to pressure height.

c. superheat on percent of fullness.

d. average ballonet volume with respect to total envelope volume.

f. leaks in ballonets and envelope.

g. gas purity on lift.

h. temperature inversion on descents.

I. superheat on lift.

j. air temperature changes.

k. humidity, altitude, and temperature on lift.

l. maximum rate climb and descent limitations.

E. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of the operation of systems, as applicable to the airship used for the practical test, by explaining:

2. Flight instruments and associated controls.

3. Landing gear.

4. Engines and propellers.

5. Fuel and oil system.

6. Electrical system.

7. Envelope/ballonet pressure systems.

8. Avionics and auxiliary equipment.

9. Any system unique to the airship flown.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT

NOTE: evaluator will select at least one maneuver from AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XI, and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the maneuver selected as the lesson would be taught to a learner. Previously developed lesson plans from the applicant’s library may be used.

TASK: MANEUVER LESSON

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-2. FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by:

2. Stating the objective.

3. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description of the maneuver, including the elements and associated common errors.

4. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.

5. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of a preflight inspection, as applicable to the airship used for the practical test, by explaining reasons for the visual inspection, what items should be inspected, and how defects are detected.

2. Inspects airship with reference to an appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: FLIGHT DECK/GONDOLA/CAR MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of flight deck/gondola/car management.

2. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts and emergency procedures.

4. Maintains orderly records reflecting progress of the flight, as appropriate.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of engine starting, as applicable to the airship used for the practical test.

2. Observes safety precautions of starting, considering open hangars, other aircraft, and safety of nearby persons and property.

3. Considers starting under various atmospheric conditions and use of an external power source, if appropriate.

4. Accomplishes correct starting procedure including proper adjustment of engine controls.

D. TASK: UNMASTING AND POSITIONING FOR TAKEOFF \

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of unmasting and positioning for takeoff.

2. Briefs ground crew and coordinates hand signals and voice commands.

4. Ensures proper envelope pressure and trim before coming off the mast.

6. Divides attention inside and outside the flight deck/gondola/car so as to avoid possible immediate takeoff after coming off the mast.

7. Completes an appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GROUND HANDLING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of ground handling, as applicable to the airship used for the practical test.

2. Determines required number of crew members, considering weather conditions, status of the airship, and method of handling.

3. Briefs ground crew on all pertinent phases of ground handling procedures.

5. Recognizesundesirable airship movement and takes appropriate action.

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a before takeoff check.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the flight deck/gondola/car.

7. Ensures that takeoff path is clear of obstacles.

8. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to takeoff.

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of radio communications.

2. Demonstrates radio communications by— a. selecting appropriate frequencies.

b. transmitting using recommended phraseology.

c. acknowledging and complying with ATC instructions.

3. Uses appropriate procedures for simulated radio communications failure.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERN OPERATIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of traffic patterns to include operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern instructions.

3. Maintains adequate spacing from other traffic.

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground track.

5. Maintains orientation with runway or landing area to be used.

C. TASK: AIRPORT, RUNWAY, AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING

REFERENCES: FAA-H8083-25; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of airport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets airport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

A. TASK: GROUND WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a ground weigh-off.

3. Maintains zero inclination and heading into the wind.

4. Assists ground crew to minimize airship movement.

5. Checks weigh-off and trim with neutral elevators when HANDS OFF command is given.

7. Completes an appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: UP-SHIP TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an up-ship takeoff.

3. Ensures that sufficient ground crew are available so as to obtain adequate upward velocity.

6. Uses proper and timely hand signals and voice commands with ground crew.

8. Applies power as airship nears the top of its upward thrust.

10. Increases airspeed sufficiently to carry the load dynamically.

C. TASK: WHEEL TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a wheel takeoff to include wheel takeoffs under various degrees of heaviness.

2. Determines approximate takeoff roll and ensures that area is clear and sufficient, considering wind conditions and field surface.

3. Positions airship to utilize the maximum available takeoff area and maintains trim.

6. Attains sufficient airspeed to carry the load dynamically while on the wheel.

8. Maintains directional control and proper inclination to keep tail off ground.

D. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an approach and landing, to include light and heavy airships.

2. Accomplishes in-flight (static) weigh-off prior to commencing the approach.

5. Makes smooth and gradual approach maintaining direction and angle of descent.

7. Lands at a speed appropriate for approaching the ground crew.

9. Completes an appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GO-AROUND

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of a go-around.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: FLIGHT TO, FROM, AND AT PRESSURE HEIGHT

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. NOTE: If airship is unable to reach pressure height due to cloud conditions, this TASK may be evaluated through oral testing.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of flight to, at, and from pressure height.

2. Coordinates use of power and flight controls to effect an appropriate rate of climb.

4. Reduces rate of climb approaching pressure height and then identifies arriving at pressure height.

5. Monitors appropriate instruments, properly controls air and helium pressures, and ensures pressure height is not exceeded.

6. Descends from pressure height and follows proper procedure for managing pressure system.

B. TASK: IN-FLIGHT WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an in-flight weigh-off.

6. Observes attitude of the airship and pressure differential in the ballonets.

8. Adjusts trim properly.

C. TASK: MANUAL PRESSURE CONTROL

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of manual pressure control.

3. Controls ballonet air balance by air valve operation.

4. Monitors operation of pressure valves and system.

5. Maintains a constant altitude, 100 feet.

D. TASK: STATIC AND DYNAMIC TRIM

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Aerodynamics Technical Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of static and dynamic trim, to include the relationship between lift and load conditions, static trim, and center of buoyancy.

3. Establishes dynamic trim for various flight conditions.

IX. AREA OF OPERATION:NAVIGATION

A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of pilotage and dead reckoning.

6. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

7. Verifies airship’s position within 3 nautical miles of flight planned route at all times.

B. TASK: DIVERSION

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of diversion.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate airport.

4. Makes a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, 100 feet and established heading, 20°.

C. TASK. LOST PROCEDURES

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of lost procedures.

D. TASK. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND ATC RADAR SERVICES

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual; Navigation Equipment Operations Manuals. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of navigation systems and ATC radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropriate facilities or coordinates.

5. Locates position using cross radials bearings, or coordinates.

7. Utilizes proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.

X. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: ABORTED TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot

Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an aborted takeoff.

4. Maintains a straight course into the wind.

5. Establishes timely communication with ground crew.

B. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot

Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of engine failure during takeoff, to include loss of both engines under light and heavy conditions.

3. Maintains heading into the wind.

4. Manages air/helium pressures properly.

5. Follows checklist for engine restart or shutdown.

6. Returns for landing, as appropriate.

C. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot

Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of engine failure during flight.

3. Uses checklist to attempt restart procedure.

4. Establishes near-equilibrium condition, if practical, when one engine fails.

D. TASK: ENGINE FIRE DURING FLIGHT

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of an engine fire during flight.

E. TASK: ENVELOPE EMERGENCIES

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of envelope emergencies by explaining:

1. A puncture or rip in the gas envelope and/or in a ballonet.

3. Rain/icing on envelope.

4. Emergency valve operations.

5. Emergency air-to-helium operations.

6. Recommended procedures to use when experiencing a specific envelope emergency.

F. TASK: FREE BALLOONING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of free ballooning.

4. Turns off all nonessential electrical equipment.

5. Determines cause of engine failure and attempts restart.

6. Selects suitable landing site and establishes communications with the crew.

9. Completes an appropriate emergency checklist.

G. TASK: DITCHING AND EMERGENCY LANDING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of ditching and emergency landing.

2. Simulates jettisoning ballast and fuel, considering potential fire hazard when jettisoning fuel.

4. Instructs passengers in safety procedures, including use of life jackets if ditching.

6. Simulates securing all systems to minimize chance of fire or other damage.

H. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; Airship Flight Manual.

NOTE: The evaluator shall not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airship. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits commercial pilot knowledge of the elements of systems and equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the airship used for the practical test, by explaining recommended pilot action for:

1. Control system/actuator malfunction.

2. Fuel starvation.

3. Electrical system malfunction.

4. Propeller malfunction.

5. Pressure system malfunctions.

XI. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: MASTING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of masting.

3. Remains in control of airspeed and positions airship properly.

5. Places airship in proper trim and ballast when approaching the mast.

B. TASK: POST-MASTING

REFERENCES: Airship Pilot Manual; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits commercial pilot knowledge by explaining the elements of post-masting, appropriate to the airship used for the practical test.

2. Uses proper engine shutdown procedures.

3. Complies with equipment requirements for maintaining envelope pressure.

5. Gives consideration to weather with airship on the mast.

6. Completes an appropriate checklist.