Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating

Foreword

FAA-S-8081-16C, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, is published by the FAA to establish the standards for the commercial pilot practical test for the rotorcraft category, gyroplane class. FAA inspectors and designated evaluators shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful in practical test preparation.

FAA-S-8081-16C supersedes FAA-S-8081-16B, Commercial Pilot for Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) Practical Test Standards, dated February 2013.

Major Enhancements

All references were reviewed and updated throughout.

Introduction

General Information

The FAA has developed the PTS for use by FAA Inspectors and evaluators when conducting practical tests.

Throughout this PTS the following titles will be referred to as an evaluator: ASI, pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners), TCE; or chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check instructor of pilot school holding examining authority.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this PTS in terms such as “shall” and “must,” indicating the actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms such as “should” and “may,” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive, but not mandatory. This PTS is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov. Comments regarding this publication may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov.

PTS Concept

14 CFR part 61 specifies the subject areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a certificate. The practical test standards contain the Areas of Operation and specific Tasks in which competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Per 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, adherence to the practical test standards is mandatory.

PTS Description

The Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating include the Areas of Operation and Tasks for the issuance of an initial Commercial Pilot Certificate and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate.

Areas of Operation are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within this standard. They begin with Preflight Preparation and end with Postflight Procedures. The evaluator may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test. However, the ground portion of the practical test must be accomplished before the flight portion. Tasks are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an Area of Operation. Note is used to emphasize special considerations required in the Area of Operation or Task. Reference identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the Task. Descriptions of Tasks are not included in the standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications.

This PTS is based on the following reference list:

14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives 14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification 14 CFR part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

14 CFR part 93 Special Air Traffic Rules

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook

FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

FAA-H-8083-28 Aviation Weather Handbook

AC 90-66 Non-Towered Airport Flight Operations AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft Engine Starting AC 91-73 Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot, Flight School Procedures During Taxi Operations

AC 150/5340-18 Standards for Airport Sign Systems

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

FDC NOTAMs National Flight Data Center Notices to Air Missions

Other Chart Supplements

Gyroplane Flight Manual

Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals

Navigation Charts NOTE: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed above. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at: www.faa.gov.

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a Task. The Objective includes:

1. specifically what the applicant must be able to do;

2. the conditions under which the Task is to be performed; and

3. the acceptable standards of performance.

Abbreviations/Acronyms

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations AC Advisory Circular

AD Airworthiness Directive ADM Aeronautical Decision Making AELS Aviation English Language Standards AGL Above Ground Level AIRMET Airman’s Meteorological Information AKTR Airman Knowledge Test Report AMEL Airplane Multiengine Land

AMES Airplane Multiengine Sea

AOO Area of Operation ASEL Airplane Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane Single-Engine Sea ASI Aviation Safety Inspection ASOS Automated Surface Observing System ATC Air Traffic Control ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service AWOS Automated Weather Observation System CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain CRM Crew Resource Management

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission FDC Flight Data Center

FSO Flight Standards Office GFA Graphical Forecasts for Aviation MEL Minimum Equipment List METAR Aviation Routine Weather Report NAS National Airspace System

NOTAM Notice to Air Missions

PDF Portable Document Format

PIREP Pilot Report

PTS Practical Test Standards

RH Rotorcraft Helicopter

RPM Revolutions per Minute SIGMET Significant Meteorological Advisory SOP Standard Operating Procedures SRM Single-Pilot Resource Management SUA Special Use Airspace

TAF Terminal Aviation Forecast TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TCE Training Center Evaluator TFR Temporary Flight Restriction U.S. United States

VFR Visual Flight Rules

Use of the PTS

The PTS has been designed to evaluate competency in both knowledge and skill. The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate PTS. Applicants must be evaluated in all Tasks included in the Areas of Operation of the appropriate practical test standard unless otherwise noted.

An applicant who holds at least a Commercial Pilot Certificate seeking an additional rotorcraft category rating and/or class rating at the commercial pilot level will be evaluated in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of the evaluator, an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks may be conducted. If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the commercial level, and the rating table indicates differing required Tasks, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “All” and “None” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “None” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, the “B” entry applies.

In preparation for each practical test, the evaluator must develop a written “plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for the sole use of the evaluator, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format. The plan of action must contain all of the required Areas of Operation and Tasks and any optional Tasks selected by the evaluator. The “plan of action” must incorporate one or more scenarios that will be used during the practical test.

The evaluator should try to include as many of the Tasks into the scenario portion of the test as possible, but maintain the flexibility to change due to unexpected situations as they arise and still result in an efficient and valid test. Any Task selected for evaluation during a practical test is to be evaluated in its entirety. The evaluator is not required to follow the precise order in which the Areas of Operation and Tasks appear in this book. The evaluator may change the sequence or combine Tasks with similar objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For example, lost procedures may be combined with radio navigation. The evaluator's “plan of action” should include the order and combination of Tasks to be demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid test. The evaluator is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions (both meteorological and topographical) at the time of the test, as well as the applicant's workload and the condition of the aircraft used. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the applicant will simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Special Emphasis Areas

Evaluators must place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:

1. Positive aircraft control;

2. Procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying the aircraft);

4. Wake turbulence avoidance;

5. Runway incursion avoidance;

6. CFIT;

7. Wire strike avoidance;

8. ADM and risk management;

9. Checklist usage;

10. TFRs;

11. SUA;

12. Aviation security;

13. SRM and CRM; and 14. Other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical test. Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each Task, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to the complete situation.

Practical Test Prerequisites

14 CFR part 61, section 61.39 and subpart F, provide practical test and certification prerequisites.

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

14 CFR part 61, section 61.45, provides requirements for aircraft and equipment for the practical test.

Evaluator Responsibility

The evaluator must determine that the applicant meets FAA AELS. An applicant for an FAA certificate or rating must be able to communicate in English in a discernible and understandable manner with ATC, pilots, and others involved in preparing an aircraft for flight and operating an aircraft in flight. This communication may or may not involve radio communications. An applicant for an FAA certificate issued in accordance with 14 CFR part 61 who cannot hear or speak due to a medical deficiency may be eligible for an FAA certificate with specific operational limitations. For additional information, reference AC 60-28, FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107, as amended.

If the applicant's ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question before starting the practical test, the evaluator will not begin the practical test. An evaluator who is not an ASI1 will check the box, Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination, located on the bottom of page 2 of the applicant’s FAA Form 8710-1, Application for an Airman Certificate and/or Rating. The evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate FSO.

If the applicant's ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question after the practical test begins, an evaluator who is not an ASI will discontinue the practical test and check the box, Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard Determination, on the application. The evaluator will also issue a Notice of Disapproval of Application, FAA Form 8060-5 with the comment “Does Not Demonstrate FAA AELS” in addition to any unsatisfactory Task(s).

In either case, the evaluator must complete and submit the application file through normal application procedures and notify the appropriate FSO of the referral.

The evaluator conducting the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill of each Task within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill" portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. Oral questioning to determine the applicant’s knowledge of Tasks and related safety factors should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test.

1 ASIs may assess an applicant’s English language proficiency in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1.

Evaluators must test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout the practical test.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome uncertain, the evaluator may require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision has been made in the interest of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repeating of an unsatisfactory task is permitted during the certification process.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the evaluator must evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures.

Flight Instructor Responsibility

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the Tasks within the appropriate PTS.

Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to perform safely as a private pilot and is competent to pass the required practical test.

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Aeronautical Information Manual.

Satisfactory Performance

14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(a), describes the satisfactory completion of the practical test for a certificate or rating.

Unsatisfactory Performance

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any Task performed, the associated Area of Operation is failed and, therefore, the practical test is failed. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c) – (f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance requirements and parameters.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification are:

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded. When a disapproval notice is issued, the evaluator will record the applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of Area of Operations and specific Task(s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical test conducted. The Area(s) of Operation/Task(s) not tested and the number of practical test failures must also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval must indicate the associated Task (e.g.: Area of Operation VIII, Settling-With-Power, failure to use proper collision avoidance procedures).

Letter of Discontinuance

When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, or illness), FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if applicable, the AKTR, is to be returned to the applicant. The evaluator at that time prepares, signs, and issues a Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance should identify the Areas of Operation and their associated Tasks of the practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant should be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance must be presented to the evaluator when the practical test is resumed and made part of the certification file.

ADM, Risk Management, CRM, and SRM

Throughout the practical test, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s ability to use sound aeronautical decision-making procedures in order to identify hazards and mitigate risk. The evaluator must accomplish this requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate and combine Tasks appropriate to assessing the applicant’s risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the evaluator may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning. In assessing the applicant’s performance, the evaluator should take note of the applicant’s use of CRM and, if appropriate, SRM. CRM/SRM is the set of competencies that includes situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, and decision-making within a comprehensive framework of SOP. SRM specifically refers to the management of all resources onboard the aircraft, as well as outside resources available to the single pilot.

Applicant's Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific Task being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist while accomplishing the elements of the Objective would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning would be considered when using a checklist.

Use of Distractions During Practical Tests

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and/or outside the flight deck, the evaluator should cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process, subsequently described, in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he or she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Additional Rating Task Table Rotorcraft Gyroplane

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Gyroplane

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name: ______________________________________________________ Location: _____________________________________________________________ Date/Time: ____________________________________________________________ Acceptable Aircraft

Personal Equipment

Evaluator’s Practical Test Checklist

Gyroplane

Applicant's Name: ____________________________________________________________ Location: ____________________________________________________________________ Date/Time: __________________________________________________________________ I. Preflight Preparation

II. Preflight Procedures

III. Airport Operations

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

V. Performance Maneuver

VI. Ground Reference Maneuvers

VII. Navigation

VIII. Flight at Slow Airspeed

I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

Task A: Certificates and Documents

References: 14 CFR parts 39, 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by:

1. Explaining— a. Commercial Pilot Certificate privileges and limitations and recent flight experience requirements.

b. medical certificate class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight records.

2. Locating and explaining— a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and gyroplane flight manual.

Task B: Airworthiness Requirements

References: 14 CFR parts 39, 91; FAA-H-8083-21.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness requirements by:

1. Explaining— a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.

b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the gyroplane with inoperative instruments and equipment with and without an MEL.

c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.

2. Locating and explaining— a. airworthiness directives.

b. compliance records.

c. maintenance/inspection requirements.

d. appropriate record keeping.

Task C: Weather Information

References: 14 CFR 91; FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on— a. METAR, TAF, and GFA.

b. surface analysis chart.

c. radar summary chart.

d. winds and temperature aloft chart.

e. significant weather prognostic charts.

f. convective outlook chart.

g. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports.

h. SIGMETs and AIRMETs.

i. PIREPs.

j. windshear reports.

k. icing and freezing level information.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

Task D: Cross-Country Flight Planning

NOTE: In-flight demonstration of cross-country procedures by the applicant is tested under Area of Operation VII: Navigation.

References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Chart Supplements; FDC NOTAMs; AIM. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR cross-country flight, as previously assigned by the evaluator. On the day of the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop necessary, based on maximum allowable passenger, baggage, and/or cargo loads using real time weather.

3. Properly identifies airspace, obstacles, and terrain features, including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques.

4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

5. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and communication frequencies.

9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

Task E: National Airspace System

References: 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the NAS System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and gyroplane equipment requirements for the following— a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

Task F: Performance and Limitations

References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight and center of gravity is within the gyroplane’s operating limitations and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, tables, and data.

Task G: Operation of Systems

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the gyroplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least four (4) of the following systems selected by the evaluator.

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Powerplant.

3. Rotor, including prerotator/spin-up control, if applicable.

4. Landing gear, brakes, and steering.

5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.

6. Electrical.

7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments, if applicable.

9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable.

10. Avionics equipment.

Task H: Aeromedical Factors

References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least four (4) of the following— a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the-counter drugs.

Task I: Physiological Aspects of Night Flying

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the physiological aspects of night flying by explaining:

1. The function of various parts of the eye essential for night vision.

3. Correct use of the eye to accommodate changing light.

4. Coping with illusions created by various light conditions.

5. Effects of the pilot's physical condition on visual acuity.

6. Methods for increasing vision effectiveness.

Task J: Lighting and Equipment for Night Flying

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lighting and equipment for night flying by explaining— a. the types and uses of various personal lighting devices.

b. the required equipment and location of external navigation lighting of the gyroplane.

2. Locates and identifies switches, spare fuses, and circuit breakers pertinent to night operations.

II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

Task A: Preflight Inspection

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a preflight inspection including which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

Task B: Flight Deck Management

References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to efficient flight deck management procedures.

3. Organizes and arranges material and equipment in an efficient manner so they are readily available.

4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, propeller and rotor blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.

Task C: Engine Starting

References: AC 91-55; FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to correct engine starting procedures, including the use of an external power source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, awareness of other persons and property during start, and the effects of using incorrect starting procedures.

3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.

Task D: Runway Incursion Avoidance

References: AC 91-73, AC 150/5340-18; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-25. Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements of runway incursion avoidance by:

1. Exhibiting distinct challenges and requirements during taxi operations not found in other phases of flight operations.

2. Exhibiting procedures for appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing, including taxi route planning, briefing the location of hot spots, communicating and coordinating with ATC.

4. Knowing the relevance/importance of hold lines.

5. Exhibiting procedures to ensure the pilot maintains strict focus to the movement of the aircraft and ATC communications, including the elimination of all distractive activities (e.g., cell phone, texting, conversations with passengers) during aircraft taxi, takeoff, and climb out to cruise altitude.

6. Utilizing procedures for holding the pilot’s workload to a minimum during taxi operations.

9. Utilizing procedures to maintain/enhance situational awareness when conducting taxi operations in relation to other aircraft operations in the vicinity as well as to other vehicles moving on the airport.

10. Exhibiting procedures for briefing if a landing rollout to a taxiway exit will place the pilot in close proximity to another runway which can result in a runway incursion.

12. Knowing specific procedures for operations at an airport with an operating air traffic control tower, with emphasis on ATC communications and runway entry/crossing authorizations.

14. Knowing procedures unique to night operations.

15. Knowing operations at non-towered airports.

16. Knowing the use of aircraft exterior lighting.

17. Knowing the hazards of low visibility operations.

Task E: Taxiing

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 91-73, AC 150-5340-18; Chart Supplements; AIM. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended taxi procedures, including rotor blade management and the effect of wind during taxiing.

2. Performs a brake check immediately after the gyroplane begins moving.

4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.

7. Properly positions the gyroplane for run-up considering other aircraft, surface conditions, and, if applicable, existing wind conditions.

Task F: Before Takeoff Check

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check, including the reasons for checking the items and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Positions the gyroplane properly considering other aircraft, surface conditions, and wind conditions.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the aircraft.

4. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the gyroplane is in safe operating condition.

5. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds and expected takeoff distance.

8. Utilizes proper rotor spin-up procedure.

III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS

Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals

References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.

Task B: Traffic Patterns

References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-66; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns, including procedures at airports with and without operating control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground tract.

5. Maintains orientation with the runway/landing area in use.

6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet and appropriate airspeed, ±5 knots.

Task C: Airport Markings and Lighting

References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport runway and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.

2. Properly identifies and interprets airport runway and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.

IV. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS

Task A: Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb

NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing; otherwise, a crosswind takeoff and climb must be demonstrated. References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

2. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM.

3. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the gyroplane with takeoff path.

5. Maintains proper directional control during acceleration on the surface.

7. Accelerates to appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots.

8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude and then sets climb power.

Task B: Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing

NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge of the crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing; otherwise, a crosswind approach and landing must be demonstrated.

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind approach and landing.

3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions. Selects a suitable touchdown point.

4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5 knots.

5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.

Task C: Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field takeoff and climb.

3. Positions the flight controls for existing wind conditions and to maximize lift as quickly as possible.

5. Clears the area, taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed consistent with safety, without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Maintains proper directional control.

7. Lifts off and remains in ground effect while accelerating to recommended climb airspeed.

9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power.

Task D: Soft-Field Approach and Landing

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to soft-field approach and landing.

3. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5 knots.

4. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.

Task E: Short-Field Takeoff and Climb

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to short-field takeoff and maximum performance climb.

2. Properly positions controls.

3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the gyroplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

5. Advances the throttle as required.

6. Climbs at manufacturer’s recommended airspeed, or in its absence at V, ± 5 knots until the obstacle is cleared, or until the gyroplane is at least 50 feet above the surface.

Task F: Short-Field Approach and Landing

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field approach and landing.

4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5 knots.

5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if necessary.

Task G:Go-Around

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around and when it is necessary.

V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER

Task A: Steep Turns

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.

2. Selects a safe altitude.

3. Establishes the manufacturers recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, a safe airspeed not to exceed Va.

4. Smoothly enters a coordinated steep 360° turn with a 40° bank, ±5°, immediately followed by at least a 360° turn in the opposite direction.

5. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation.

6. Maintains the entry altitude, ± 100 feet, airspeed, ± 10 knots, bank, ± 5° and rolls out on the entry heading ± 10° .

VI. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

NOTE: The evaluator shall select at least one Task.

Task A: Rectangular Course

Reference: FAA-H-8083-21.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

5. Divides attention between gyroplane control and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.

6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

Task B: S-Turns

Reference: FAA-H-8083-21.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.

2. Selects an appropriate reference line based on wind direction and emergency landing areas.

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius turn on each side of the selected reference line.

5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over the selected reference line.

7. Maintains the entry altitude throughout the maneuver, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

Task C: Turns Around a Point

Reference: FAA-H-8083-21.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point with a bank of approximately 40° at the steepest point in the turn.

6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION

Task A: Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

References: FAA-H-8083-25; Navigational Chart.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

7. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established heading, ±10°.

Task B: Radio Navigation and Radar Services

NOTE: If the gyroplane is not equipped with radio navigation aids, competency will be evaluated through oral testing.

References: FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio navigation and ATC radar services.

7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.

Task C: Diversion

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to procedures for diversion.

3. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

4. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and established heading, ±10°.

Task D: Lost Procedures

References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

3. Maintains an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identifies prominent landmarks.

5. Uses available navigation aids and/or contacts an appropriate facility for assistance, if gyroplane is radio equipped.

6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is impending.

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS

Task A: Maneuvering at Slow Airspeeds

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering during slow flight.

2. Selects a safe altitude.

3. Establishes and maintains a specified airspeed, +5,-0, in straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents as directed.

4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±50 feet.

5. Maintains the specified heading during straight flight, ±5°.

6. Maintains specified bank angle, ±5°, during turning flight.

7. Rolls out on specified headings, ±5°.

8. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation.

Task B: High Rate of Descent and Recovery

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aerodynamic factors associated with a high rate of descent and recovery and how this relates to actual approach and landing situations.

5. Promptly recovers with or without power as directed.

6. Maintains the specified heading, ±10°.

7. Resumes normal cruising flight.

IX. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: Task B may be tested orally at the discretion of the evaluator, Tasks C through E are knowledge only items.

Task A: Emergency Approach and Landing

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency approach and landing with a power failure.

2. Establishes and maintains the appropriate airspeed, ±5 knots.

3. Selects a suitable landing area, considering the possibility of an actual forced landing.

5. Attempts to determine the reason for the simulated malfunction, if time permits.

Task B: Lift-Off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lift-off at low airspeed and high angle of attack, including combination of conditions, which are likely to lead to this situation.

3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM, if applicable.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the gyroplane with the takeoff path.

8. Accelerates to appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots.

Task C: Ground Resonance

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a fully articulated rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground resonance.

2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground resonance.

Task D: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

References: Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications, and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the gyroplane used for the practical test, in at least four (4) of the following areas— a. engine/oil and fuel.

b. hydraulic, if applicable.

c. electrical.

d. carburetor or induction icing.

e. smoke and/or fire.

f. flight control/trim.

g. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if applicable.

i. any other emergency unique to the gyroplane flown.

Task E: Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment appropriate to the gyroplane used for the practical test.

2. Identifies appropriate equipment that should be aboard the gyroplane.

X. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

Task A: After Landing, Parking and Securing

References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Gyroplane Flight Manual. Objective: To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing, parking, and securing procedures.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

7. Conducts an appropriate post flight inspection and secures the aircraft.