Flight Instructor for Powered-Lift CategoryFAA-S-ACS-27
Area of Operation XIV
Emergency Operations
10 Tasks
Task A Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated) during Takeoff in Thrust-Borne Flight
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands indications and pilot actions after powerplant(s) failure during takeoff while the aircraft is predominantly in thrust-borne flight in a multi-powerplant aircraft, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Note
See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Note
The task outcome can be vertical or rolling depending on aircraft capabilities, configuration, and flight manual procedures.
Knowledge
Aircraft performance and limitations, (e.g., height velocity (H/V) diagram information).
Factors involved in determining a valid go/no-go decision.
Recognition of powerplant(s) failure.
Pilot actions required on recognition of powerplant(s) failure, including checklist memory items.
Aircraft configuration for landing with powerplant(s) failure.
Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Powerplant(s) failure.
Identification of powerplant(s) failure conditions.
Pilot reaction to powerplant(s) failure conditions.
Aircraft configuration.
Skills
Recognize that a powerplant(s) failure has occurred.
Use flight controls in the proper combination and aircraft configuration as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.
Land the aircraft, as appropriate to the scenario presented by the evaluator.
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Make radio calls as appropriate.
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task B Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated) during Takeoff While in Semi-Wing-Borne Flight
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with indications and pilot actions after powerplant(s) failure during takeoff in a multi-powerplant aircraft while in semi-wing-borne flight and provide effective instruction.
Note
This can be initiated during the takeoff roll in wheeled aircraft or during the transition to wing-borne flight following a vertical takeoff.
Note
See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge
The procedures used during a powerplant(s) failure on takeoff, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required.
Operational considerations to include: aircraft performance (e.g., sideslip, bank angle, etc.), takeoff warning systems, runway length, surface conditions, density altitude, wake turbulence, environmental conditions, obstructions, and other related factors that could adversely affect safety.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Powerplant(s) failure.
Reaction to the loss of power from one or more powerplants.
Deceleration in a space-limited environment.
Windshear.
Dividing attention inside and outside the aircraft.
Runway incursion.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Abnormal operations, including planning for.
a. Rejected takeoff
b. Powerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
Energy management.
Skills
Recognize that a powerplant failure has occurred while performing a rolling takeoff.
Input the appropriate flight control(s) and configure the aircraft for maximum deceleration.
Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.
Apply braking as appropriate.
Refer to the checklist to ensure that the emergency procedure was followed correctly.
Make radio calls as appropriate.
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task C Inflight Powerplant(s) Failure and Restart in Multi-Powerplant Aircraft
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with inflight powerplant(s) failure in a multi-powerplant aircraft and provide effective instruction.
Note
See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge
Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering the aircraft with powerplant(s) inoperative, including the importance of drag reduction and appropriate aircraft configuration.
Aircraft/powerplant limitations.
Powerplant restart procedures and conditions where a restart attempt is appropriate.
Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Potential powerplant(s) failure during flight.
Following checklist procedures for a powerplant(s) failure or a powerplant(s) restart.
Identifying the powerplant(s) that failed.
Collision hazards.
Aircraft configuration.
Factors and situations that could lead to loss of control with an inflight powerplant(s) failure.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills
Recognize and correctly identify powerplant(s) failure, complete memory items (if applicable), and maintain positive aircraft control.
Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate emergency procedures and checklist(s) for powerplant shutdown.
Use flight controls and configure the aircraft in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required, to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
Determine the cause for the powerplant(s) failure and if a restart is a viable option.
Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within acceptable operating limits.
Maintain the airspeed ±10 knots, the specified heading ±10°, and altitude ±100 feet as specified by the evaluator and within the aircraft’s capability.
Consider a powerplant restart and, if appropriate, demonstrate the powerplant restart procedures in accordance with the manufacturer or operator specified procedures and checklists.
Select the nearest suitable airport or landing area.
Communicate with air traffic control (ATC) and the evaluator, as appropriate for the situation.
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task D Vortex Ring State (VRS) Avoidance
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands Vortex Ring State (VRS) avoidance, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Note
Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
Knowledge
Elements of vortex ring state.
Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
Requirements for the formation of VRS.
Aircraft systems that aid the pilot in avoiding VRS, if applicable.
Aerodynamics and indications of VRS.
Flight scenarios under which VRS can occur.
Asymmetric VRS, if applicable.
Effective recovery techniques.
Control inputs and configuration changes to recover from VRS.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Conditions for entering VRS.
Pilot recognition and response to VRS.
Loss of control.
Collision hazards.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills
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Task E Approach and Landing with Powerplant(s) Failure (Simulated)
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands approach and landing with simulated powerplant(s) failure, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Note
See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge
Elements of approach and landing with powerplant(s) failure.
Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.
Appropriate approach and landing profiles and aircraft configurations.
Causes of asymmetric thrust conditions and appropriate responses.
Go-around/rejected landing procedures with a powerplant failure.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Consideration of altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available landing area.
Planning and following a flightpath to the selected landing area.
Collision hazards.
Flight control input(s).
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Go-around/rejected landing.
Skills
Maintain the operating powerplant(s) within limits.
Maintain, prior to beginning the final approach segment, the recommended flight profile with altitude ±100 feet, airspeed, ±10 knots, heading ±5°, and maintains track.
Use flight controls in the proper combination and aircraft configuration as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain and obstructions.
Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task F Emergency Descent
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands emergency descent, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Note
See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.
Knowledge
Purpose of and procedures for emergency descent.
Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or fire).
Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.
Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
Aircraft performance and limitations.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
Collision hazards.
Flight control input(s) and aircraft configuration.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Skills
Clear the area.
Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in the manufacturer's flight manual for the emergency descent.
Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.
Use bank angles between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.
Maintain appropriate airspeed, +0/-10 knots, and level off at specified altitude, ±100 feet.
Make radio calls as appropriate.
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task G Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands emergency equipment and survival gear, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Knowledge
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
a. Climate extremes (hot/cold)
b. Mountainous terrain
c. Overwater operations
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
Skills
Identify appropriate equipment and personal gear.
Brief passengers on proper use of on-board emergency equipment and survival gear.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task H Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the aircraft provided for the practical test, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Knowledge
Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:
a. Electrical malfunction
b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions
c. Pitot-static system malfunction
d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction
e. Landing gear or flap malfunction
f. Inoperative trim
Smoke/fire/powerplant compartment fire.
Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).
Inadvertent door or window opening.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Startle response.
Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Undesired aircraft state.
Skills
Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Task I Dynamic Rollover
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands dynamic rollover, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
Note
Evaluator assesses this Task orally only.
Knowledge
Elements related to dynamic rollover.
Interactions between thrust, crosswind, slope, lateral CG, aircraft weight, and flight controls that contribute to dynamic rollover.
Preventive flight technique and recovery during flight operations, including slope operations.
Aircraft slope limitations.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Surface conditions conducive to dynamic rollover.
Landing gear proximity to the surface.
Flight control inputs during takeoff or landing.
Sideward hover.
Critical rollover angle and rolling moment.
Translating tendency.
Skills
[Intentionally left blank].
Task J Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
References
FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25; Flight Manual
Objective
To determine the applicant understands attitude instrument flying while recovering from unusual attitudes, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction, solely by reference to instruments.
Note
See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information related to this Task.
Knowledge
Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
Common errors related to this Task.
Risk Management
Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
Assessment of the unusual attitude.
Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
Collision hazards.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Interpreting flight instruments.
Operating envelope considerations.
Skills
Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.