Preflight Preparation

Landing gear–extension/retraction system(s), indicators, brakes, antiskid, tires, nose-wheel steering, and shock absorbers.

Powerplant(s)–controls, indications, and systems, as applicable.

Thrust components–transmission, drive shafts, gear boxes, oil/fluid levels, tolerances, electronic controls, motors, ducts, and limitations as applicable.

Fuel system–capacity, drains, pumps, controls, indicators, cross-feeding, transferring, jettison, fuel grade, color and additives, fueling and defueling procedures, and fuel substitutions (if applicable).

Battery(s) used for propulsion–charging, discharging, and condition, as applicable.

Oil system–capacity, allowable types of oil, quantities, and indicators.

Hydraulic system–capacity, pumps, pressure, reservoirs, allowable types of fluid, and regulators.

Electrical system–alternators, generators, batteries, circuit breakers and protection devices, controls, indicators, and external and auxiliary power sources and ratings.

Pneumatic and environmental systems–heating, cooling, ventilation, oxygen, pressurization, supply for ice protection systems, controls, indicators, and regulating devices.

Avionics and communications–autopilot, flight director, Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS), Flight Management System (FMS), Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), Radar, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS), ground-based navigation systems and components, Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) In and Out, Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract (ADS-C), traffic awareness/warning/avoidance systems, terrain awareness/ warning/alert systems, communication systems (e.g., data link, Ultra High Frequency (UHF)/Very High Frequency (VHF)/High Frequency (HF), satellite), Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), indicating devices, transponder, and emergency locator transmitter, Head Up-Display (HUD).

Ice protection–anti-ice, deice, pitot-static system protection, turbine inlet, windshield, airfoil surfaces, and other related components.

Crewmember and passenger equipment–oxygen system, survival gear, emergency exits, evacuation procedures and crew duties, quick donning oxygen mask for crewmembers, passenger oxygen system.

Flight controls appropriate for the aircraft provided for the practical test.

Pitot-static system–associated instruments and the power source for those flight instruments. Operation and power sources for other flight instruments.

Fire & smoke detection, protection, and suppression–powerplant, cargo and passenger compartments, lavatory, pneumatic and environmental, electrical/avionics, and batteries (on aircraft and personal electronic devices).

Envelope protection–angle of attack warning and protection, and speed protection.

Flight manual as it relates to the systems and components in the aircraft.

How to use a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and a Configuration Deviation List (CDL).

Detection of system malfunctions or failures.

Management of a system failure.

Monitoring and management of automated systems, if applicable.

Following checklists or procedures.

Explain and describe the operation of the aircraft systems and components using correct terminology.

Recall immediate action items or memory items, if appropriate.

Identify system or component limitations listed in the flight manual.

Demonstrate or describe, as appropriate, the process for deferring inoperative equipment (e.g., MEL) and using a CDL.

Comply with operations specifications, management specifications, and letters of authorization, if applicable.

Through the use of the appropriate checklists and normal and abnormal procedures, demonstrate the proper use of the aircraft systems, subsystems, and devices, as determined by the evaluator.

Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.

How to determine the following:

a. Aircraft performance in selected phase(s) of flight

b. Performance with a powerplant inoperative in selected phase(s) of flight

c. Weight and balance and how to shift weight

d. Other performance data as appropriate to the aircraft

Factors affecting performance, including:

a. Atmospheric conditions

b. Pilot technique

c. Airport environment (e.g., runway condition, land and hold short operations (LAHSO))

d. Aircraft configuration

e. Loading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]

f. Weight and balance

Aerodynamics and how it relates to performance.

Adverse effects of exceeding an aircraft limitation or the aircraft operating envelope.

Clean wing concept; deicing and anti-icing procedures, including use of appropriate deice fluid, hold- over tables, calculating hold-over times, and pre-takeoff contamination checks.

Relationship between Mach number, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, and change over altitudes.

Best range and endurance speed.

Height/Velocity (H/V) diagram according to the flight manual.

Use of performance charts, tables, and data.

Aircraft limitations.

Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.

Aircraft icing and its effect on performance and stall warning.

Operating with reduced power margins.

Describe the airspeeds and configurations used during specific phases of flight.

Describe the effects of meteorological conditions on performance for all phases of flight and correctly apply these factors to a specific chart, table, graph, or other performance data.

Describe the procedures for surface (wing, rotor,etc.) contamination recognition and any deice/anti-ice procedures prior to takeoff.

Explain the adverse effects of airframe icing during all phases of flight. Describe any operating limitations for flight in icing conditions. If equipped, describe the procedures for deicing and anti-icing system use and their effects on performance.

Compute weight and balance, including practical techniques to resolve out-of-limits calculations for a representative scenario, as specified by the evaluator.

Determine the computed center of gravity is within the acceptable limits and the lateral fuel balance is within limits for takeoff and landing.

Demonstrate proficient use of appropriate performance charts, tables, graphs, or other means to determine aircraft performance and limitations for all phases of flight.

Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.

Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:

a. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)

b. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)

c. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)

d. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)

e. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)

f. Convective Outlook (AC)

g. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET

Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:

a. Atmospheric composition and stability

b. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)

c. Temperature and heat exchange

d. Moisture/precipitation

e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts

f. Clouds

g. Turbulence

h. Thunderstorms and microbursts

i. Icing and freezing level information

j. Fog/mist

k. Frost

l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)

Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, their use to navigate around weather, and equipment limitations.

Low-visibility operations (e.g., surface movement, category II and III approaches). (ATP)(AMEL, AMES).

Flight Risk Assessment Tools.

Weather conditions involved in departure and in-flight decision making, to include:

a. Circumstances requiring a change in course or destination

b. Known or forecast icing, winds or turbulence aloft, volcanic ash, destination weather, etc.

c. Personal weather minimums

d. Operator specified or aircraft operational limitations, if applicable

Use and limitations of:

a. Installed onboard weather equipment

b. Aviation weather reports and forecasts

c. Inflight weather resources

Interpret weather information, apply principles of aeronautical decision-making, and use a Flight Risk Assessment Tool, if available.

Causes, effects, recognition, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:

a. Hypoxia

b. Hyperventilation

c. Middle ear and sinus problems

d. Spatial disorientation

e. Motion sickness

f. Carbon monoxide poisoning

g. Stress

h. Fatigue

i. Dehydration and nutrition

j. Hypothermia

k. Optical illusions

l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives

Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.

Components of self-assessment for determining fitness for flight.

Aeromedical and physiological issues.

Hazardous attitudes.

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Confirmation and expectation bias.

Perform a self-assessment and determine fitness for flight.

14 CFR part 61 subparts A, B, G.

14 CFR part 91 subparts A, B, C, F, G, H.

14 CFR part 135 subparts A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

49 CFR part 830.

Lack of compliance with the applicable CFRs.

Apply the CFRs to the flight and operation.