Takeoffs and Landings

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.

Appropriate V-speeds for takeoff and climb.

Appropriate aircraft configuration and power setting for takeoff and climb.

Runway markings and lighting.

Selection of a runway, or runway intersection, based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Wake turbulence.

Abnormal operations, including planning for:

a. Rejected takeoff

b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight

Configuring or setting the aircraft (e.g., trim, flaps, autobrakes, etc.).

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Verify assigned/correct runway (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).

Verify the airplane is configured for takeoff.

Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.

Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).

Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES).

Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES).

Maintain centerline (ASEL, AMEL) and proper flight control inputs during the takeoff roll.

Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation making callouts, as appropriate, for the airplane or per the operator’s procedures.

Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).

Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed.

Establish a power setting and a pitch attitude to maintain the desired climb airspeed/V-speed, ±5 knots for each climb segment.

Maintain desired heading ±5°.

Retract the landing gear and flaps in accordance with manufacturer or operator procedures and limitations, as appropriate.

Avoid wake turbulence, if applicable.

Follow noise abatement procedures, as practicable.

Complete appropriate after takeoff checklist(s) in a timely manner.

A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.

Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

Runway markings and lighting.

Selection of a runway or approach path and touchdown area based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Wake turbulence.

Go-around/rejected landing.

Land and hold short operations (LAHSO).

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, loss of situational awareness, incorrect airport surface approach and landing, or improper task management.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Maintain a ground track that ensures the desired traffic pattern flown takes into consideration obstructions and air traffic control (ATC) or evaluator instructions.

Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.

Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.

Select a suitable touchdown point considering wind, landing surface, and obstructions.

Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, ±5 knots, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.

Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.

Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.

Touch down with the runway centerline between the main landing gear at the appropriate speed and pitch attitude at the runway aiming point markings -250/+500 feet, or where there are no runway markings 750 to 1,500 feet from the approach threshold of the runway (ASEL, AMEL).

During round out and touchdown contact the water at the proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond a specified point (ASES, AMES). In addition, for AMES, the touchdown is within the first one-third of the water landing area.

Decelerate to taxi speed (20 knots or less on dry pavement, 10 knots or less on contaminated pavement) to within the calculated landing distance plus 25% for the actual conditions with the runway centerline between the main landing gear (At least one landing) (ASEL, AMEL).

Use spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes, and other drag/braking devices, as appropriate to safely slow the airplane. (At least one landing to a full stop).

Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.

Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.

Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb.

Appropriate airplane configuration.

Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.

Selection of the takeoff path based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Abnormal operations, including planning for:

a. Rejected takeoff

b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.

Verify the airplane is configured for takeoff.

Clear the area; select appropriate takeoff path considering surface conditions and collision hazards.

Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.

Set and confirm takeoff power.

Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).

Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.

Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.

Utilize appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.

Adjust power, as appropriate, and establish a pitch attitude to maintain the appropriate climb airspeed/ V-speed, ±5 knots for each climb segment.

Retract flaps after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with manufacturer or operator procedures and limitations, as appropriate.

Follow noise abatement procedures, as practicable.

A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.

Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

When and why glassy water techniques are used.

How a glassy water approach and landing is executed.

Selection of the approach path and touchdown area based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Go-around/rejected landing.

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Ensure that the landing gear and water rudders are retracted, if applicable.

Consider the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards and select the proper approach and landing path.

Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.

Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, ±5 knots.

Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.

Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.

Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.

Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb.

Appropriate airplane configuration.

Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.

Selection of the takeoff path based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Abnormal operations, including planning for:

a. Rejected takeoff

b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.

Verify the airplane is configured for takeoff.

Clear the area; select appropriate takeoff path considering surface conditions and collision hazards.

Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.

Set and confirm takeoff power.

Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).

Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.

Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.

Establish proper attitude and airspeed, lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to appropriate climb airspeed/V-speed, ±5 knots before leaving ground effect.

Retract the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established and a safe altitude has been achieved.

Maintain takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude then set climb power.

Follow noise abatement procedures, as practicable.

A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.

Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

When and why rough water techniques are used.

How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.

Selection of the approach path and touchdown area based on airplane limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Go-around/rejected landing.

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Ensure that the landing gear and water rudders are retracted, if applicable.

Consider the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards and select the proper approach and landing path.

Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.

Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed with gust factor applied, ±5 knots.

Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.

Contact the water at the correct pitch attitude and touchdown speed.

Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control application during the landing while remaining alert for a go-around should conditions be too rough.

Maintain positive after-landing control.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.

Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb.

Appropriate airplane configuration.

Effects of water surface.

Available techniques for confined-area takeoff and climb.

Selection of the takeoff path based on airplane limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Abnormal operations, including planning for:

a. Rejected takeoff

b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s) prior to takeoff in a timely manner.

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.

Verify the airplane is configured for takeoff.

Clear the area; select appropriate takeoff path considering surface conditions and collision hazards.

Retract the water rudders, as appropriate.

Set and confirm takeoff power.

Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).

Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.

Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.

Rotate and lift off at the appropriate airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX using appropriate bank angles to maintain terrain clearance, as needed.

Climb at the recommended airspeed or in its absence at best angle-of-climb speed (VX), +5/-0 knots until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface. In multiengine airplanes with VX values within 5 knots of minimum control speed (VMC), the use of best rate of climb speed (VY) or the manufacturer's recommendation is acceptable.

After clearing all obstacles, accelerate to VY ±5 knots.

Retract flaps and adjust power as needed to maintain VY or appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.

Follow noise abatement procedures, as practicable.

A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.

Available techniques for confined-area approach and landing.

Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

Selection of the approach path and touchdown area based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

Go-around/rejected landing.

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Gear position in an amphibious airplane.

Landing in an area or in conditions where a takeoff/climb may not be possible.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Ensure that the landing gear and water rudders are retracted, if applicable.

Consider the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards and select the proper approach and landing path.

Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.

Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed with gust factor applied, ±5 knots.

Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.

Touch down smoothly at the recommended airspeed and pitch attitude, beyond and within 100 feet of a specified point/area.

Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.

Conditions and situations that could warrant a rejected takeoff (e.g., takeoff warning systems, powerplant failure, other systems warning/failure).

Safety considerations following a rejected takeoff.

The procedure for accomplishing a rejected takeoff.

Accelerate/stop distance.

Relevant V-speeds for a rejected takeoff.

Selection of the takeoff path based on aircraft limitations, available distance, surface conditions, and wind.

A powerplant failure or other malfunction during takeoff.

Directional control following a rejected takeoff.

A rejected takeoff with inadequate stopping distance.

High-speed rejected takeoff.

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Reject the takeoff if the powerplant failure occurs prior to becoming airborne (ASEL, ASES).

Reject the takeoff if the powerplant failure occurs at a point during the takeoff where the rejected takeoff procedure can be initiated and the airplane can be safely stopped on the remaining runway/ waterway (AMEL, AMES).

Promptly reduce the power and maintain positive aircraft control using drag and braking devices, as appropriate, to come to a stop.

Coordinate with crew, if applicable, and complete the appropriate procedures, checklist(s), and radio calls following a rejected takeoff in a timely manner.

A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.

Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.

Situations and considerations on approach that could require a go-around/rejected landing, including the inability to comply with a LAHSO clearance.

Go-around/rejected landing procedures, the importance of a timely decision, and appropriate airspeed/ V-speeds for the maneuver.

Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.

Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.

Power application.

Configuring the airplane.

Collision hazards.

Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.

Make a timely decision to go-around/reject the landing.

Apply the appropriate power setting for the flight condition and establish a pitch attitude necessary to obtain the desired performance.

Establish a positive rate of climb and the appropriate airspeed/V-speed, ±5 knots.

Configure and trim the airplane, when appropriate.

Make radio calls as appropriate.

Maintain the ground track, heading, or course appropriate for the conditions, or as specified by ATC or the evaluator.

Complete the appropriate procedures and checklist(s) in a timely manner.