Airman Certification Standards
ACS AI.II.D
Principles of Flight
This reproduces published FAA reference text for study. It does not replace the current official FAA publication or regulation.
Knowledge
K1
Airfoil design characteristics.
K2
Airplane stability, maneuverability and controllability.
K3
Turning tendency (e.g., torque, p-factor, spiraling slipstream, and gyroscopic precession).
K4
Forces acting on an airplane.
K5
Load factors in airplane design.
K6
Wingtip vortices and appropriate precautions. 12
Risk Management
R1
The basic aerodynamic principles of flight.
Skill
S1
Deliver instruction on principles of flight, including at least three of the elements listed in K1 through K6.
Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.