Airman Certification Standards
ACS AI.II.B
Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
Knowledge
Environmental conditions that degrade vision.
Vestibular and visual illusions.
“See and Avoid” responsibilities.
Visual scanning procedure and the importance of peripheral vision.
Aircraft blind spots and clearing procedures.
Visual cues of an impending mid-air collision.
Situations that create the greatest collision risk.
Division of attention inside and outside the aircraft.
Risk Management
Distractions to visual scanning.
Relaxed intermediate focal distance.
High volume operational environments.
Collision reaction time.
Use of a safety pilot.
Skill
Effectively scan using short regularly spaced eye movements.
Scan around physical obstructions.
Use appropriate visual scanning techniques.
Use electronic traffic alert systems, if available.
Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.