14 CFR § 61.31

Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).

Turbojet-powered airplanes.

Powered-lift.

Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures.

Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person may be authorized to operate without a type rating for up to 60 days an aircraft requiring a type rating, provided—

The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of flights;

The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level of safety can be achieved through the operating limitations on the authorization;

The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this section is impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and

The flight—

Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;

Is within the United States;

Does not involve operations for compensation or hire unless the compensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft for training or taking a practical test; and

Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers considered essential for the flight.

If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished within the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may authorize an additional period of up to 60 days to accomplish the flight or series of flights.

Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the carriage of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a category, class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is operated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.

Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on operating an aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in command of an aircraft, a person must—

Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown; or

Have received training required by this part that is appropriate to the pilot certification level, aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown, and have received an endorsement for solo flight in that aircraft from an authorized instructor.

Additional training required for operating complex airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane, unless the person has—

Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a complex airplane.

The training and endorsement required by paragraph (e)(1) of this section is not required if—

The person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or

The person has received ground and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under § 135.293 of this chapter in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane which must be documented in the pilot's logbook or training record.

Additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person has—

Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.

The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section is not required if—

The person has logged flight time as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or

The person has received ground and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under § 135.293 of this chapter in a high performance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high performance airplane which must be documented in the pilot's logbook or training record.

Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable of operating at high altitudes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training. The ground training must include at least the following subjects:

High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;

Respiration;

Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-altitude sickness;

Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;

Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;

Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;

Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble formation, and high-altitude sickness;

Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and

Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.

Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that person has received and logged training from an authorized instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a pressurized aircraft. The flight training must include at least the following subjects:

Normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000 feet MSL;

Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and

Emergency descent procedures.

The training and endorsement required by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section are not required if that person can document satisfactory accomplishment of any of the following in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft:

Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;

Completing a pilot proficiency check for a pilot certificate or rating before April 15, 1991;

Completing an official pilot-in-command check conducted by the military services of the United States; or

Completing a pilot-in-command proficiency check under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by an approved pilot check airman.

Additional aircraft type-specific training. No person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that the Administrator has determined requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person has—

Received and logged type-specific training in the aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of that type of aircraft; and

Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its systems.

Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneuvers and procedures:

Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;

Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such landings); and

Go-around procedures.

The training and endorsement required by paragraph (i)(1) of this section is not required if the person logged pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before April 15, 1991.

Additional training required for operating a glider. (1) No person may act as pilot in command of a glider—

Using ground-tow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on ground-tow procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in ground-tow procedures and operations;

Using aerotow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on aerotow procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in aerotow procedures and operations; or

Using self-launch procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on self-launch procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in self-launch procedures and operations.

The holder of a glider rating issued prior to August 4, 1997, is considered to be in compliance with the training and logbook endorsement requirements of this paragraph for the specific operating privilege for which the holder is already qualified.

Additional training required for night vision goggle operations. (1) Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs ground training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies the person completed the ground training. The ground training must include the following subjects:

Applicable portions of this chapter that relate to night vision goggle limitations and flight operations;

Aeromedical factors related to the use of night vision goggles, including how to protect night vision, how the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed stresses that affect night vision, effects of lighting on night vision, cues used to estimate distance and depth perception at night, and visual illusions;

Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations of night vision goggle equipment;

Night vision goggle performance and scene interpretation; and

Night vision goggle operation flight planning, including night terrain interpretation and factors affecting terrain interpretation.

Except as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs flight training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the use of night vision goggles. The flight training must include the following tasks:

Preflight and use of internal and external aircraft lighting systems for night vision goggle operations;

Preflight preparation of night vision goggles for night vision goggle operations;

Proper piloting techniques when using night vision goggles during the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and landing phases of flight; and

Normal, abnormal, and emergency flight operations using night vision goggles.

The requirements under paragraphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do not apply if a person can document satisfactory completion of any of the following pilot proficiency checks using night vision goggles in an aircraft:

A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces.

A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations under part 135 of this chapter conducted by an Examiner or Check Airman.

A pilot proficiency check on night vision goggle operations conducted by a night vision goggle manufacturer or authorized instructor, when the pilot—

Is employed by a Federal, State, county, or municipal law enforcement agency; and

Has logged at least 20 hours as pilot in command in night vision goggle operations.

Additional aircraft model-specific flight training. No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation unless that person has—

Received and logged model-specific flight training from an authorized instructor in that aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of that model-specific aircraft with the simplified flight controls designation; and

Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the safe operation of that model-specific aircraft and the associated simplified flight controls.

Exceptions. (1) This section does not require a pilot to hold category and class ratings for an aircraft that is not identified by category or class under § 61.5(b).

The rating limitations of this section do not apply to—

An applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner;

The holder of a student pilot certificate;

The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft under the authority of—

A provisional type certificate; or

An experimental certificate, unless the operation involves carrying a passenger;

The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating when operating a balloon;

The holder of a recreational pilot certificate operating under the provisions of § 61.101(h); or

The holder of a sport pilot certificate when operating an aircraft meeting the performance limits and design requirements of § 61.316.