Index

A acceleration error .........................................................5-13

acceleration in cruise flight ..........................................4-10

ADF components ...........................................................9-3

advanced technologies .................................................9-24

advanced technology systems ......................................5-28

aerodynamic factors ............................................... 4-1, 5-1

aerodynamics .................................................................4-2

aeronautical information manual (AIM) .............. 1-1, 10-2

aircraft control ................................................................8-3

during instrument flight ..............................................6-3

aircraft system malfunctions ........................................11-3

air data computer (ADC) .............................................5-22

airplane trim ...................................................................6-8

airport/facility directory (A/FD) ..................................10-2

airport sketch/airport diagram ......................................1-27

air route traffic control center (ARTCC) .......................2-7

airspace classification.....................................................1-2

Class A .......................................................................1-2

Class C........................................................................1-2

Class D .......................................................................1-2

Class E ........................................................................1-2

Class G .......................................................................1-2

airspeed ..........................................................................5-9

indicated airspeed (IAS) .............................................5-9

calibrated airspeed (CAS) ..........................................5-9

equivalent airspeed (EAS) ..........................................5-9

mach number ............................................................5-10

true airspeed (TAS) ....................................................5-9

airspeed changes common errors..........................................................8-10

in straight-and-level flight .............................. 7-11, 7-40

airspeed color codes .....................................................5-10

airspeed indicator (ASI) .5-8, 6-6, 6-8, 6-10, 7-6, 7-37, 8-5

air traffic control (ATC) .................................................2-1

alternator/generator failure...........................................11-5

altimeter ...............................................6-10, 7-3, 7-36, 8-4

enhancements (encoding) ...........................................5-7

analog instrument failure .............................................11-7

analog pictorial displays ..............................................5-23

angle of attack ................................................................4-2

applying the four-step process .....................................6-20

approach azimuth guidance..........................................9-43

approach control advances ...........................................2-12

precision runway monitor (PRM).............................2-12

PRM benefits ............................................................2-13

PRM radar ................................................................2-12

approach control facility ..............................................2-12

approaches..................................................................10-13

lighting systems (ALS).............................................9-38

to airport with an operating tower ..........................10-15

to airport without an operating control tower .......................................................................10-13

to parallel runways .................................................10-20

to stall .......................................................................7-26

area navigation (RNAV) ..............................................9-22

ATC inflight weather avoidance assistance .................2-11

ATC radar weather displays.........................................2-11

ATC reports .................................................................10-7

ATC towers ....................................................................2-5

atmosphere .....................................................................4-4

layers of the atmosphere .............................................4-5

attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) ...........5-22

attitude control ...............................................................6-3

attitude direction indicator (ADI) ................................5-23

attitude indicator .. 5-19, 6-4, 7-2, 7-6, 7-34, 7-37, 8-3, 8-5

attitude instrument flying fundamental skills.....................................................6-24 automatic dependent surveillance—broadcast (ADS-B) .......................................................................5-28

• primary and supporting method ...............................6-21
• using the control and performance method ................6-2
• using the primary and supporting method ..................6-4
• automated flight service stations (AFSS).......................2-4

autopilot systems..........................................................5-25

usage .........................................................................7-58

autorotations.................................................................8-17

common errors..........................................................8-17

aviation magnetic compass ..........................................5-10

B bank ..............................................................................7-25

bank control .......................... 6-4, 6-7, 6-20, 7-6, 7-37, 8-5

blockage of the pitot-static system.................................5-2

pitot system ................................................................5-2

static system ...............................................................5-3

C cancelling IFR flight plans ...........................................10-3

center approach/departure control..................................2-7

certified checkpoints ....................................................9-16

change of airspeed during turns ..............................................................7-24

in turns ......................................................................8-14

circling approaches ....................................................10-20

patterns .....................................................................7-32

clearances .....................................................................10-3

separations ................................................................10-4

climbing and descending turns........................... 7-24, 8-15

climbing while accelerating ...........................................3-8

climbing while turning ...................................................3-8

climbs ................................................................. 4-10, 7-14

common cross-check errors .........................................6-11

communication equipment .............................................2-2

communication facilities ................................................2-4

communication/navigation system malfunction ..........11-8

communication procedures ............................................2-4

compass locator............................................................9-38

compass turns ............................................ 7-21, 7-53, 8-15

compliance with published standard instrument approach procedures ..................................................10-13

conducting an IFR flight ............................................10-26

constant airspeed climb from cruise airspeed .................................................7-46

from established airspeed .........................................7-47

constant rate climbs......................................................7-47

control and performance method .................................6-18

control instruments ............................................... 6-2, 6-18

control sequence...........................................................2-13

coping with spatial disorientation ..................................3-8

course deviation indicator (CDI) .................................9-11

course interception .......................................................9-14

course reversal elements in plan view and profile view ..............................................................................1-20

procedure turns .........................................................1-20

holding in lieu of procedure turn ..............................1-20

teardrop procedure....................................................1-21

D density altitude ...............................................................4-5

departure procedures (DPs)................................ 1-12, 10-5

departures and instrument departure procedures (DPs) ..........................................................9-31

departures from airports without an operating control tower ............................................................................10-7

descents .............................................................. 7-16, 7-49

differential global positioning systems (DGPS) ..........9-32

distance measuring equipment (DME) ........................9-17

arc .............................................................................9-17

components .............................................................9-17

function.....................................................................9-17

holding ....................................................................10-13

disturbances to radio wave reception .............................9-3

diving or rolling beyond the vertical plane ....................3-8

diving while turning .......................................................3-8

drag ................................................................................4-3

induced drag ...............................................................4-3

parasite drag ...............................................................4-3

skin friction drag ........................................................4-3

interference drag .........................................................4-3

form drag ....................................................................4-4

drag curves .....................................................................4-6

dry air vacuum pump ...................................................5-17

dynamic pressure type instruments ................................5-8

E ears .................................................................................3-4

electrical systems .........................................................5-17

electronic flight display malfunction ...........................11-4

electronic flight instrument systems.............................5-27

emergencies..................................................................8-16

engine instruments .........................................................6-8

en route procedures ......................................................10-7

errors during compass turns .........................................7-26

establishing a standard rate turn ...................................7-51

eyes ................................................................................3-2

F federal airways ...............................................................1-4

filing in flight................................................................10-2

flags or other signal strength indicators .......................9-11

flight director system (FDS).........................................5-23

flight instruments ................................................. 4-16, 8-2

flight management systems (FMS) ........... 5-26, 5-27, 9-44

function.....................................................................9-46

flight services station (FFS) ...........................................2-4

flightpath ........................................................................4-2

flight support systems ..................................................5-22

flux gate compass system .............................................5-15

four forces ......................................................................4-2

drag .............................................................................4-3

lift ....................................................................... 4-2, 4-6 thrust ...........................................................................4-3

weight .........................................................................4-3

function of ADF .............................................................9-4

G glideslope (GS) ............................................................9-37

global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ..................9-24

global positioning system (GPS) ....................... 5-27, 9-25

components...............................................................9-25

errors.........................................................................9-31

function.....................................................................9-26

instrument approaches ..............................................9-29

nearest airport function.............................................11-9

substitution ...............................................................9-27

substitution for ADF or DME ..................................9-27

ground proximity warning system (GPWS) ................5-34

ground wave ...................................................................9-2

gyroscopic instruments ................................................5-19

gyroscopic systems ......................................................5-16

H heading .........................................................................7-44

heading indicator................. 5-19, 6-7, 6-10, 7-7, 7-38, 8-6

head-up display (HUD) ...................................... 5-34, 9-46

height above landing (HAL) ........................................1-27

helicopter trim ..............................................................6-10

holding instructions....................................................10-10

holding procedures .....................................................10-10

homing ...........................................................................9-5

horizontal situation indicator (HSI) ................... 5-23, 7-38

how radio waves propagate ............................................9-2

how to prevent landing errors due to optical illusions ...3-9

I

IAP minimums ...........................................................10-21

ICAO cold temperature error table ................................5-5

icing ..............................................................................4-13

antenna icing.............................................................4-17

clear ice.....................................................................4-13

effects of icing on critical aircraft systems...............4-16

general effects of icing on airfoils ............................4-14

induction icing ..........................................................4-13

mixed ice ..................................................................4-14

propeller icing...........................................................4-16

rime ice .....................................................................4-14

structural icing .............................................. 4-13, 10-23

IFR en route charts .........................................................1-6

airport information .....................................................1-6

charted IFR altitudes ..................................................1-6

navigation features .....................................................1-7

IFR flight plan ..............................................................10-2

IFR flight using GPS ....................................................9-28

illusions leading to spatial disorientation.......................3-5

inadvertent icing encounter ..........................................11-2

inadvertent thunderstorm encounter ............................11-2

inertial navigation system (INS) ..................................9-34

INS components .......................................................9-34

INS errors .................................................................9-34

inoperative components ...............................................1-27

• instrument approach capabilities..................................9-32
• instrument approaches to civil airports ......................10-13
• instrument approach procedure charts .........................1-12

margin identification.................................................1-12

pilot briefing .............................................................1-16

plan view ..................................................................1-16

instrument approach procedure (IAP) ..........................1-12

approach systems......................................................9-35

cross-check .............................................. 6-10, 6-24, 8-2

instrument flight .............................................................8-2

instrument flight patterns ................................... 7-30, 7-61

instrument flying common errors .................................6-27

emphasis ...................................................................6-28

fixation ......................................................................6-27

omission ...................................................................6-28

instrument interpretation ...................................... 6-13, 8-3

instrument landing systems (ILS) ................................9-35

airborne components ................................................9-38

components...............................................................9-35

errors.........................................................................9-40

function.....................................................................9-40

instrument takeoff ..................................... 7-29, 7-60, 8-17

common errors....................................... 7-29, 7-61, 8-18

instrument weather flying ..........................................10-22

integrated flight control system....................................5-25

intercepting bearings ......................................................9-8

intercepting lead radials ...............................................9-18

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ........1-1

international standard atmosphere (ISA) .......................4-5

intersections ...................................................................1-7

inverted-V cross-check ................................................6-11

L landing........................................................................10-22

landing minimums .......................................................1-23

large airplanes ..............................................................4-10

law of inertia, the ...........................................................4-4

law of momentum, the ...................................................4-4

law of reaction, the .........................................................4-4

learning methods .................................................. 6-2, 6-16

letters of agreement (LOA) ..........................................2-15 leveling off ......................................................... 7-16, 7-17

load factor ....................................................................4-12

local area augmentation system (LAAS) .....................9-33

localizer ........................................................................9-35

localizer type directional aid (LDA) ............................9-43

loss of alternator/generator for electronic flight instrumentation ............................................................11-5

M magnetic compass ................................................ 5-10, 6-7

acceleration error ......................................................5-13

construction ..............................................................5-11

deviation ...................................................................5-12

induced errors ...........................................................5-11

northerly turning errors ............................................5-13

oscillation error.........................................................5-14

southerly turning errors ............................................5-13

theory of operations ..................................................5-11

variation ....................................................................5-12

magnetism ....................................................................5-10

marker beacons .................................................. 9-37, 9-40

master battery switch ...................................................11-5

maximum allowable airspeed ......................................5-10

microwave landing system (MLS) ...............................9-43

missed approaches .....................................................10-21

• multi-function display (MFD)......................................5-28
• N
• National Aeronautical Navigation Services

(AERONAV services) .................................................10-2

National Airspace System (NAS) ..................................1-1

navaids ...........................................................................1-7

• navigating the MFD page groups ...............................11-10
• nearest airport page group ......................................11-10
• nearest airports page soft keys................................11-10
• nearest airports using the MFD ..............................11-10
• nearest airports using the PFD..................................11-9
• navigation/communication equipment ...........................2-2

navigation instruments ......................................... 6-2, 6-19

NDB components ...........................................................9-3

nerves .............................................................................3-5

Newton’s First Law........................................................4-4

Newton’s Second Law ...................................................4-4

Newton’s Third Law ......................................................4-4

nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) ...............................9-3

nonprecision approaches ..............................................1-23

nose-high attitudes .......................................................7-27

nose-low attitudes ........................................................7-28

Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP) .......................10-2

O obstacle departure procedures (ODP) ................ 1-12, 10-5

omnibearing selector (OBS) ........................................9-11

operating on the main battery ............................ 11-5, 11-6

operational errors of ADF ..............................................9-8

optical illusions ..............................................................3-9

featureless terrain illusion ..........................................3-9

fog................................................................... 3-9, 10-24

ground lighting illusions.............................................3-9

haze.............................................................................3-9

runway width illusion .................................................3-9

runway and terrain slopes illusion ..............................3-9

water refraction...........................................................3-9

other routing ...................................................................1-5

P partial panel flight ........................................................7-36

performance instruments ...................................... 6-2, 6-19

pitch.................................................................... 7-25, 7-43

pitch attitude instrument cross-check.............................6-7

pitch control ........................ 6-4, 6-20, 6-22, 7-2, 7-34, 8-3

pitch/power relationship.................................................4-6

pitot/static instruments ...................................................5-3

pitot/static system failure .............................................11-8

pitot/static systems .........................................................5-2

planning the descent and approach ..............................10-8

pneumatic system failure .............................................11-7

pneumatic systems .......................................................5-17

POH/AFM ....................................................................10-2

point in space approach ................................................1-27

position reports.............................................................10-7

postural considerations...................................................3-7

power.................................................................. 7-26, 7-45

control....................................... 6-4, 6-8, 6-21, 7-8, 7-39

control during straight-and-level flight.......................8-7

settings .............................................................. 7-9, 7-39

sources ......................................................................5-17

precipitation static ........................................................11-3

precision approaches ....................................................1-23

preferred IFR ..................................................................1-5

pressure altitude .............................................................4-5

pressure indicating systems..........................................5-17

primary bank ................................................................6-23

primary flight display (PFD) ........................................5-27

primary pitch ................................................................6-22

primary power ..............................................................6-24

primary yaw .................................................................6-23

procedural steps in using control and performance .......6-2

procedure turn ..............................................................7-30

R racetrack pattern ...........................................................7-30

radar ...............................................................................2-3

radar and transponders ...................................................2-3

Mode C (altitude reporting)........................................2-3

radar approaches ........................................................10-15

radar-controlled departures ..........................................10-5

radar limitations ...........................................................9-48

radar monitoring of instrument approaches ...............10-18

radar navigation (ground-based) ..................................9-46

radio altimeters.............................................................5-29

radio principles...............................................................9-2

recognizing unusual attitudes.......................................7-27

recovery from unusual attitudes ...................................7-27

rectangular cross-check ................................................6-11

reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM) .............5-7

regions of command.......................................................4-7

control characteristics .................................................4-7

relative wind...................................................................4-2

remote indicating compass...........................................5-15

required navigation instrument system inspection.......5-36

required navigation performance .................................9-44

reversal of motion ..........................................................3-8

RNAV instrument approach charts ..............................1-30

route information .........................................................1-10

S safety systems ..............................................................5-29

scanning techniques .....................................................6-24

selected radial cross-check ................................. 6-11, 6-24

sensitive altimeter ..........................................................5-3

altimeter errors ...........................................................5-4

cold weather altimeter errors ......................................5-5

inherent altimeter error ...............................................5-5

principle of operation .................................................5-3

sensory systems for orientation......................................3-2

servo failure .................................................................8-17

side-step maneuver.....................................................10-20

simplified directional facility (SDF) ............................9-42

situational awareness .................................................11-11

sky wave.........................................................................9-2

slip/skid indicator .........................................................7-39

slow-speed flight ............................................................4-8

small airplanes ...............................................................4-9

sources of flight planning information .........................10-2

space wave .....................................................................9-2

spatial disorientation ....................................... 3-2, 3-5, 3-7

special use airspace ........................................................1-2

speed stability .................................................................4-8

normal command ........................................................4-8

reversed command......................................................4-8

stall warning systems ...................................................4-17

standard 45° procedure turn .........................................7-30

standard entry procedures ..........................................10-11

standard holding pattern (no wind) ............................10-10

standard holding pattern (with wind) .........................10-10

standard instrument departures ....................................10-5

standard rate turns .............................................. 7-19, 7-51

standard terminal arrival routes (STARS) ......... 1-12, 10-9

standby battery .............................................................11-6

static pressure .................................................................5-2

station passage ...............................................................9-5

steep turns .......................................................... 7-22, 7-53 straight climbs (constant airspeed and constant rate) ..8-10 straight descents (constant airspeed and constant rate) ..............................................................8-12 substitutes for inoperative or unusable components ..10-10 synthetic vision ............................................................5-28 systems preflight procedures ........................................5-36

• straight-and-level flight ........................6-22, 7-2, 7-34, 8-3
• common errors......................................... 7-12, 7-43, 8-7
• straight climbs and descents............................... 7-14, 7-46
• common errors....................................... 7-17, 7-50, 8-13

T tailplane stall symptoms...............................................4-16

teardrop patterns...........................................................7-31

techniques for electrical usage ........................... 11-5, 11-6

temporary flight restrictions (TFRS)..............................1-4

terminal arrival area (TAA) .........................................1-18

terminal procedures publications .................................1-12

departure procedures ................................................1-12

marginal identification..............................................1-12

standard terminal arrival routes ................................1-12

terminal radar approach control (TRACON) .................2-6

terrain alerting systems ................................................5-34

terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS) ..........5-34

the four-step process used to change attitude ..............6-19

adjust ........................................................................6-20

cross-check ...............................................................6-20

establish ....................................................................6-19

trim ...........................................................................6-20

tilting to right or left.......................................................3-8

timed approaches from a holding fix .........................10-18

timed turns ................................................ 7-21, 7-53, 8-13

time factors.................................................................10-12

tower en route control (TEC) ................................. 1-6, 2-7

tracking ..........................................................................9-5

tracking to and from the station ...................................9-14

traditional navigation systems........................................9-3

traffic advisory systems................................................5-29

traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) ...5-30 traffic alert systems ......................................................5-30

traffic avoidance .........................................................11-12

traffic avoidance systems .............................................5-30

traffic information system ............................................5-29

transponders ...................................................................2-3

trim .....................................................4-8, 6-20, 7-26, 7-45

control.........................................................................6-8

technique ........................................................ 7-12, 7-43

turn-and-slip indicator.......................................... 5-20, 7-8

turn coordinator.................................................... 5-21, 7-7

turn coordinator/turn-and-slip indicator .........................6-8

turn indicator ........................................................ 5-20, 8-7

turn rate indicator .........................................................7-38

turns..................................................4-10, 7-19, 7-51, 8-13

common errors................................................ 7-25, 8-15

coordination of rudder and aileron controls .............4-11

radius of turn ............................................................4-11

rate of turn ................................................................4-11

turns to predetermined headings ............... 7-20, 7-52, 8-13

U unforecast adverse weather ..........................................11-2

unusual attitude recovery protection ............................7-55

unusual attitudes ...........................................................8-16

unusual attitudes and recoveries ..................................7-26

common errors .......................................... 7-28, 7-58, 8-16

V vacuum pump systems .................................................5-17

venturi tube systems.....................................................5-17

vertical card magnetic compass ...................................5-15

vertical descent angle (VDA).......................................1-23

vertical speed indicator (VSI) ..................5-8, 6-5, 7-4, 8-5

very high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) .......9-8

function.....................................................................9-11

operational errors......................................................9-14

receiver accuracy check............................................9-16

test facility (VOT) ....................................................9-16

vestibular illusions .........................................................3-5

coriolis illusion ...........................................................3-6

elevator illusion ..........................................................3-6

graveyard spiral ..........................................................3-6

inversion illusion ........................................................3-6

leans, the .....................................................................3-5

somatogravic illusion .................................................3-6

VFR-on-top ................................................................10-26

VFR over-the-top .......................................................10-26

visibility figures ...........................................................1-23

vision under dim and bright illumination.......................3-3

visual illusions ...............................................................3-7

false horizon ...............................................................3-7

autokinesis ..................................................................3-7

VOR accuracy ..............................................................9-16

VOR components .........................................................9-10

VOR/DME RNAV .......................................................9-22

components...............................................................9-23

function.....................................................................9-23

errors.........................................................................9-24

VSI tape .......................................................................7-36

W weather avoidance assistance .......................................2-11

weather conditions .....................................................10-22

thunderstorms .........................................................10-24

turbulence ...............................................................10-22

volcanic ash ............................................................10-24

wind shear...............................................................10-25

weather information and communication features .......1-10

wet-type vacuum pump ................................................5-17

wide area augmentation system (WAAS) ....................9-32

wind shear ..................................................................10-25

windshields ..................................................................4-17

wing................................................................................4-2