ACS Companion GuidesFAA-G-ACS-2
Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots
FAA-G-ACS-2 (with Changes 1 & 2)November 202327 Pages
Change 1 (September 19, 2024)
Foreword
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed this Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide FAA-G-ACS-2, for use with the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) for pilot certification. This guide, along with the regulatory material in the ACS, may assist an applicant preparing for the knowledge and practical test(s) that lead to pilot certification. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies. The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way.
This guide and the ACS are available for download from www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs.
Comments regarding this document may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov.
Revision History
| Document # | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|
| FAA-G-ACS-2 | Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots | November 2023 |
| FAA-G-ACS-2 | Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots (Change 1) | September 2024 |
| FAA-G-ACS-2 | Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots (Changes 1 & 2) | December 2024 |
Record of Changes
Change 1 (September 19, 2024)
Updated the hyperlink in the Foreword to point directly to the ACS webpage on faa.gov (page i).
Removed the duplicated paragraph in the “ACS Archived Test Codes” subsection of Section 2 (page 5).
Added 14 CFR part 73, Special Use Airspace to the list of References in Section 5 (page 10).
Removed AC 00-30C, Clear Air Turbulence Avoidance from the list of References in Section 5 (page 10).
Removed SAFO 19001 from the list of References in Section 5 (page 13).
Change 2 (December 26, 2024)
Removed errant code (CA.IV.B.S5) from “Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes” subsection of Section 8 (page 21).
Why the FAA Created this Guide
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publishes the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for various certificates and ratings available to airmen. The ACSs are incorporated by reference into 14 CFR part 61; therefore, the material contained in the ACS is regulatory. This guide, FAA-G-ACS-2, provides additional information to the regulated community to facilitate airman testing. The ACS complies with the safety management system (SMS) framework that the FAA uses to mitigate risks associated with airman certification training and testing. Specifically, the ACS, incorporated by reference (IBR) into the Federal Aviation Regulations, conforms to four functional components of an SMS:
Safety Policy—Each ACS specifies the Tasks selected by the FAA from the regulatory Areas of Operation. Evaluators formulate a Plan of Action that determines if an applicant can operate safely within the NAS. The ACS represents the FAA’s commitment to continually improve safety by including risk management elements in addition to knowledge and skill elements;
Safety Risk Management that complies with the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) allows the FAA to work with internal and external stakeholders during document formulation. The public at large and stakeholders have an additional chance to provide input during public comment periods;
Safety Assurance processes ensure a methodical and reasoned incorporation of changes arising from safety recommendations or new developments in aviation; and
Safety Promotion in the form of engagement and discussion between both external stakeholders (e.g., the aviation training industry) and the FAA policy divisions going forward will determine the content of any ACS that publishes in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.
The FAA develops the ACS documents along with associated guidance and updated reference material in collaboration with a diverse group of aviation training experts. The goal is to drive a systematic approach to all components of the airman certification system, including knowledge test question development and conduct of the practical test. The FAA acknowledges and appreciates the many hours that these aviation experts have contributed toward this goal. This level of collaboration, a hallmark of a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every level of the airman certification system.
Note: This document does not apply to the Practical Test Standards.
The Non-Regulatory Material in this Guide
This guide provides test preparatory information for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating. This guide also provides a list of references and abbreviations/acronyms used in any ACS and a practical test checklist for use by an applicant. The material in this guide is non-regulatory and may contain terms such as should or may:
Should indicates actions that are recommended, but not regulatory.
May is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permission to do the act prescribed.
This document is not legally binding and will not be relied upon by the FAA as a basis for affirmative enforcement action or other administrative penalty. Conformity with the guidance is voluntary only and nonconformity will not affect rights and obligations under existing statutes and regulations.
Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration
Eligibility
For detailed airman knowledge test eligibility and applicable prerequisites, applicants should refer to the 14 CFR part 61 rules that apply to a specific certificate or rating.
Steps for Knowledge Test Registration
Step 1. Obtain an FAA Tracking Number
The FAA Airman Knowledge Test registration system requires the applicant to have an FAA Tracking Number (FTN).
Applicants may obtain an FTN through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) website.
This video describes creating an IACRA account and obtaining an FTN. The specific instructions begin at the 14-minute mark.
Step 2. Create an Account with PSI
After obtaining an FTN, applicants should create an account with the FAA’s contracted testing vendor, PSI, a professional testing company which operates hundreds of test centers. Visit PSI’s website for information on authorized airman knowledge test centers and how to register, schedule, and pay for an Airman Knowledge Test:
Note: The IACRA and PSI systems share data that verifies the applicant’s FTN and name based on the information input into IACRA by the applicant. The PSI system does not allow applicants to make changes to their name. Applicants who need to make a correction to their name should process that correction in the IACRA system. The applicant’s name correction will appear in the PSI system once the applicant logs back into the PSI system and refreshes their account.
Step 3. Select Test and Testing Center
After obtaining an FTN and creating an account with PSI, applicants may schedule knowledge tests. The PSI system walks the applicant through the process to select a test center in their area and select one or more specific knowledge tests.
Step 4. Select an Available Time Slot
After selecting the test center and test, the applicant may select a date and time slot.
Step 5. Pay for Test
After selecting an available time slot, the PSI system prompts the applicant to pay for the test. After completing this step, the applicant receives an automated email confirmation from PSI.
Applicants are required to meet any applicable Airman Knowledge Test eligibility requirements before arriving at a test center to take a specific knowledge test.
Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations
Applicants may request a special accommodation for their airman knowledge test through the PSI test registration and scheduling process. The process allows the applicant to select the specific accommodation(s) needed in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The PSI special accommodations team will work with the applicant and the selected testing center to provide appropriate accommodation(s). The PSI special accommodations team may request medical documentation for verification.
Acceptable Forms of Identification
14 CFR part 61, section 61.35, requires an applicant for a knowledge test to have proper identification at the time of application. Before beginning an Airman Knowledge Test, test center personnel will ask to see the applicant’s state or federal government-issued photo identification. The identification must contain the applicant’s photograph, signature, and date of birth. If the applicant’s permanent mailing address is a PO Box number, the applicant must provide a current residential address.
Acceptable Forms of Applicant Address Verification
The table below provides examples of acceptable identification.
| All Applicants | U.S. Citizens & Resident Aliens | Non-U.S. Citizens |
|---|---|---|
| Identification information must be:✓ valid✓ currentIdentification must include all of the following information:✓ photo✓ date of birth✓ signature✓ physical, residential address | ✓ Identification card issued by any U.S. state, territory, or government entity (e.g., driver permit or license, government identification card, or military identification card)or✓ Passportor✓ Alien residency card | ✓ Passportand✓ Driver permit or license issued by a U.S. state or territoryor✓ Identification card issued by any government entity |
Airman Knowledge Test Description
The airman knowledge test consists of multiple-choice questions. A single correct response exists for each test question. A correct response to one question does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.
Taking the Knowledge Test
Before starting the actual test, the test center provides an applicant with the opportunity to practice navigating the test software. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with the look and feel of the software (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software). PSI also provides sample tests for registered users on their website.
Acceptable and Unacceptable Materials
The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials when taking the knowledge test provided the material does not include actual test questions or answers:
| Acceptable Materials | Unacceptable Materials | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Supplement book provided by the proctor | Written materials that are handwritten, printed, or electronic | Testing centers may provide calculators and/or deny the use of personal calculators. |
| All models of aviation-oriented calculators or small electronic calculators that perform only arithmetic functions | Electronic calculators incorporating permanent or continuous type memory circuits without erasure capability | Proctor may prohibit the use of an applicant’s calculator if the proctor is unable to determine the calculator’s erasure capability |
| Calculators with simple programmable memories, which allow the addition to, subtraction from, or retrieval of one number from the memory, or simple functions, such as square root and percentages | Magnetic Cards, magnetic tapes, modules, computer chips, or any other device upon which pre-written programs or information related to the test can be stored and retrieved | Printouts of data should be surrendered at the completion of the test if the calculator incorporates this design feature |
| Scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation computers, blank log sheets, holding pattern entry aids, and electronic or mechanical calculators that are directly related to the test | Dictionaries | Before, and upon completion of the test, while in the presence of the proctor, actuate the ON/OFF switch or RESET button, and perform any other function that ensures erasure of any data stored in memory circuits |
| Manufacturer’s permanently inscribed instructions on the front and back of such aids (e.g., formulas, conversions, regulations, signals, weather data, holding pattern diagrams, frequencies, weight and balance formulas, and air traffic control procedures) | Any booklet or manual containing instructions related to the use of test aids | Proctor makes the final determination regarding aids, reference materials, and test materials |
Test Taking Tips
When taking a knowledge test, applicants should:
Read the test instructions carefully;
Mark difficult questions for later review in order to use the available time efficiently;
Examine graphs and notes that pertain to the question;
Request and mark a printed copy of any graph while computing answers, if needed;
Understand that since only one answer is complete and correct, the other possible answers are either incomplete or erroneous;
Answer each question in accordance with the current regulations and guidance publications; and
Answer all the questions before time allotted for the test expires.
Review 14 CFR part 61, section 61.37 regarding cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
Change 1 (September 19, 2024)
Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report
Upon completion of the knowledge test, the test center issues a printed Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) to the applicant, which documents the applicant’s test score and lists a code for any questions answered incorrectly. The applicant should retain the original AKTR. During the oral portion of a practical test, the evaluator reviews the AKTR, and assesses any noted areas of deficiency.
Applicant Name Considerations for the Airman Knowledge Test Report and the Practical Test
The FAA compares the applicant’s name on the AKTR with the name on the practical test application form when examining certificate and rating applications and before issuing a permanent certificate to the applicant. If an incorrect middle initial, spelling variant, or different middle name is on the AKTR or if there is a first name variation of any kind between the AKTR and the formal application for a certificate or rating, the evaluator for the practical test should attach an explanation and a copy of the applicant’s photo identification to the IACRA or paper application. An IACRA application cannot be processed if the applicant’s last name or suffix (e.g., Jr., Sr.) on the AKTR does not match the name recorded on the application form. In this case, the applicant should use a paper application, and the evaluator should include an explanation and copy of the applicant’s photo identification to avoid a correction notice.
Retesting After Failure of AKTR
An applicant retesting after the failure of any Airman Knowledge Test may retest with appropriate authorization. The applicant should bring the applicable AKTR indicating failure to the test center, along with an endorsement from an Authorized Instructor who gave the applicant the required additional training in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.49. The endorsement certifies that the applicant is competent to pass the knowledge test.
Knowledge Test Codes During Transition from PTS To ACS
When a PTS is the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the applicant receives an Airman Knowledge Test Report with pilot (PLT) codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For example: PLT044.
For knowledge tests taken after an ACS becomes the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the test center issues an AKTR with ACS codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For example: CA.I.A.K1
During a period of transition after an ACS replaces a PTS, an applicant could possess a valid AKTR with PLT codes. When this occurs, instructors and evaluators can continue to use PLT codes in conjunction with the appropriate ACS for targeting training and retesting of missed knowledge subject areas by looking up the PLT code(s) in the Learning Statement Reference Guide.
After noting the subject area(s) for the PLT codes, instructors and evaluators should check or test the applicant’s understanding of that material in the context of the appropriate ACS Area(s) of Operation and Task(s).
Note: Test codes for the Fundamentals of Instructing knowledge test are the same for all instructor certificates and will issue with ACS codes after the first instructor ACS becomes effective.
ACS Archived Test Codes
As a result of updates made to an ACS, an AKTR may contain one or more archived ACS codes. These codes are indicated as archived within the ACS. For example:
PA.VIII.E.K1a Archived.
Use of archived codes in the ACS avoids code shifting that could create ambiguity when looking up ACS codes listed on an AKTR. An unexpired AKTR may span ACS revisions and ACS codes may archive after an applicant takes a knowledge test. Therefore, an applicant, instructor, or evaluator may need to interpret one or more archived ACS codes on an AKTR. Individuals can refer to the ACS revision in effect on the date of the knowledge test or to Section 8 of this guide for archived ACS codes and the associated element text. For example, the archived ACS code for Private Pilot Airplane element PA.VIII.E.K1a is noted in Section 8 of this guide as: Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes.
Obtaining a Duplicate AKTR
If the applicant’s knowledge test was taken on or after January 13, 2020, the applicant can print a duplicate or expired test report (AKTR) by visiting the PSI website.
If the knowledge test was taken on or before January 10, 2020, the applicant should follow 14 CFR, section 61.29 for replacement of a lost or destroyed AKTR.
Section 3: ACS Risk Management
Risk management involves perception of hazards, the ability to process the probability and severity of outcomes associated with any hazard, and performance of appropriate risk mitigation as needed to preserve the desired margin of safety.
Previous editions of the ACS often used elements for evaluation of risk management as encompassing a failure to do something. Many of these “failure to act” elements mimicked skill elements and limited an evaluator’s opportunity to thoroughly examine an applicant’s understanding of risk management.
For example, see elements R1 and S2 from the Private Pilot — Airplane Airman Certification Standards (FAA-S-ACS-6B with Change 1) in the excerpt below:
| Task | C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions |
|---|---|
| References | FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM |
| Objective | To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test and analyzing the situation and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies. |
| Knowledge | The applicant demonstrates understanding of: |
| PA.IX.C.K1 | Partial or complete power loss related to the specific powerplant, including: |
| PA.IX.C.K1a | a. Engine roughness or overheat |
| PA.IX.C.K1b | b. Carburetor or induction icing |
| PA.IX.C.K1c | c. Loss of oil pressure |
| PA.IX.C.K1d | d. Fuel starvation |
| PA.IX.C.K2 | System and equipment malfunctions specific to the airplane, including: |
| PA.IX.C.K2a | a. Electrical malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2b | b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions |
| PA.IX.C.K2c | c. Pitot/static system malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2d | d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2e | e. Landing gear or flap malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2f | f. Inoperative trim |
| PA.IX.C.K3 | Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. |
| PA.IX.C.K4 | Any other system specific to the airplane (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). |
| PA.IX.C.K5 | Inadvertent door or window opening. |
| Risk Management | The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, encompassing: |
| PA.IX.C.R1 | Failure to use the proper checklist for a system or equipment malfunction. |
| PA.IX.C.R2 | Distractions, loss of situational awareness, or improper task management. |
| Skills | The applicant demonstrates the ability to: |
| PA.IX.C.S1 | Describe appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5 above. |
| PA.IX.C.S2 | Complete the appropriate checklist. |
The FAA reworded risk elements that describe a Failure to… (or similar phrases) with language permitting an open-ended examination of risk management by the evaluator. See element R2 in the excerpt below (image for illustration purposes only):
Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
| References: | FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM |
| Objective: | To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test. |
| Knowledge: | The applicant demonstrates understanding of: |
| PA.IX.C.K1 | Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s). |
| PA.IX.C.K1a | a. [Archived] |
| PA.IX.C.K1b | b. [Archived] |
| PA.IX.C.K1c | c. [Archived] |
| PA.IX.C.K1d | d. [Archived] |
| PA.IX.C.K2 | System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including: |
| PA.IX.C.K2a | a. Electrical malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2b | b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions |
| PA.IX.C.K2c | c. Pitot-static system malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2d | d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2e | e. Landing gear or flap malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2f | f. Inoperative trim |
| PA.IX.C.K3 | Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft. |
| PA.IX.C.K4 | Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). |
| PA.IX.C.K5 | Inadvertent door or window opening. |
| Risk Management: | The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with: |
| PA.IX.C.R1 | Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction. |
| PA.IX.C.R2 | Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. |
| PA.IX.C.R3 | Undesired aircraft state. |
| PA.IX.C.R4 | Startle response. |
| Skills: | The applicant exhibits the skill to: |
| PA.IX.C.S1 | Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5. |
| PA.IX.C.S2 | Complete the appropriate checklist(s). |
Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations
Flight Instructor ACS Information
Flight Instructor ACS documents include sections that define the acceptable standards for knowledge, risk management, and skills unique to an instructor certificate or rating.
Knowledge elements often begin with “The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing and explaining…” Instructional knowledge means the instructor applicant can effectively present the what, how, and why involved with the task elements using techniques described in the fundamentals of instructing (FOI) area of operation in an instructor ACS.
The Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI), Area of Operation I, Task F: Elements of Effective Teaching that include Risk Management and Accident Prevention focuses on teaching risk management and on those risks encountered by a flight instructor while providing in-flight instruction.
Instructor applicants deal with additional risk management on several levels. These include teaching risk management in the classroom and mitigation of risk during flight instruction.
Note that the FOI sections in each instructor ACS are identical and use the same element codes. This makes it possible to use the same FOI elements for every instructor ACS.
Change 1 (September 19, 2024)
Section 5: References
The ACS are based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance documents, manufacturer’s publications, and other documents.
Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.
| Reference | Title |
|---|---|
| 14 CFR part 1 | Definitions and Abbreviations |
| 14 CFR part 23 | Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes |
| 14 CFR part 25 | Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes |
| 14 CFR part 27 | Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft |
| 14 CFR part 29 | Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft |
| 14 CFR part 39 | Airworthiness Directives |
| 14 CFR part 43 | Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration |
| 14 CFR part 61 | Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors |
| 14 CFR part 63 | Certification: Flight Crewmembers other than Pilots |
| 14 CFR part 65 | Certification: Airmen Other Than Flightcrew Members |
| 14 CFR part 67 | Medical Standards and Certification |
| 14 CFR part 68 | Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft Without a Medical Certificate |
| 14 CFR part 71 | Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points |
| 14 CFR part 73 | Special Use Airspace |
| 14 CFR part 91 | General Operating and Flight Rules |
| 14 CFR part 93 | Special Air Traffic Rules |
| 14 CFR part 97 | Standard Instrument Procedures |
| 14 CFR part 117 | Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements: Flightcrew Members |
| 14 CFR part 119 | Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators |
| 14 CFR part 121 | Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations |
| 14 CFR part 135 | Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft |
| 49 CFR part 830 | Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records |
| AC 00-46 | Aviation Safety Reporting Program |
| AC 20-117 | Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions Conducive to Aircraft Icing |
| AC 29-2 | Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft |
| AC 60-22 | Aeronautical Decision Making |
| Reference | Title |
|---|---|
| AC 60-28 | FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR Parts 61, 63, 65, and 107 |
| AC 61-65 | Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors |
| AC 61-67 | Stall and Spin Awareness Training |
| AC 61-107 | Aircraft Operations at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet Mean Sea Level or Mach Numbers Greater Than .75 |
| AC 61-138 | Airline Transport Pilot Certification Training Program |
| AC 61-140 | Autorotation Training |
| AC 68-1 | BasicMed |
| AC 90-48 | Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance |
| AC 90-95 | Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters |
| AC 90-100 | U.S Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations |
| AC 90-105 | Approval Guidance for RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical Navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System and in Oceanic and Remote Continental Airspace |
| AC 90-107 | Guidance for Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance and Localizer Performance without Vertical Guidance Approach Operations in the U.S. National Airspace System |
| AC 90-117 | Data Link Communications |
| AC 91.21-1 | Use of Portable Electronic Devices Aboard Aircraft |
| AC 91-32 | Safety in and Around Helicopters |
| AC 91-55 | Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft Engine Starting |
| AC 91-73 | Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot, Flight School Procedures During Taxi Operations |
| AC 91-74 | Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions |
| AC 91-78 | Use of Class 1 or Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) |
| AC 91-79 | Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing |
| AC 91-92 | Pilot’s Guide to a Preflight Briefing |
| AC 120-27 | Aircraft Weight and Balance Control |
| AC 120-51 | Crew Resource Management Training |
| AC 120-57 | Surface Movement Guidance and Control System |
| AC 120-58 | Pilot Guide Large Aircraft Ground Deicing |
| AC 120-60 | Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program |
| AC 120-66 | Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) |
| AC 120-71 | Standard Operating Procedures and Pilot Monitoring Duties for Flight Deck Crewmembers |
| AC 120-74 | Parts 91, 121, 125, and 135 Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Operations |
| AC 120-76 | Authorization for Use of Electronic Flight Bags |
| AC 120-82 | Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) |
| Reference | Title |
|---|---|
| AC 120-90 | Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) |
| AC 120-100 | Basics of Aviation Fatigue |
| AC 120-101 | Part 121 Air Carrier Operational Control |
| AC 120-108 | Continuous Descent Final Approach |
| AC 120-109 | Stall Prevention and Recovery Training |
| AC 120-111 | Upset Prevention and Recovery Training |
| AC 135-17 | Pilot Guide - Small Aircraft Ground Deicing |
| AFM | Airplane Flight Manual |
| AIM | Aeronautical Information Manual |
| Applicable Manufacturer's Equipment Supplement(s) | Manufacturer's Equipment Supplement(s) |
| Appropriate Manufacturer's Safety Notices | Safety Notices |
| Chart Supplements | Chart Supplements |
| Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC) | Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC) |
| FAA-H-8083-1 | Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-2 | Risk Management Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-3 | Airplane Flying Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-9 | Aviation Instructor's Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-15 | Instrument Flying Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-16 | Instrument Procedures Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-21 | Helicopter Flying Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-23 | Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook |
| FAA-H-8083-25 | Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge |
| FAA-H-8083-28 | Aviation Weather Handbook |
| FAA Order 8130.2 | Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft |
| FAA-P-8740-66 | Flying Light Twins Safely |
| FSB Report (type specific) | Flight Standardization Board Report (if available) |
| Helicopter Route Charts | Helicopter Route Charts |
| IFR Enroute Charts | IFR Enroute Low Altitude and IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts |
| NOTAMs | Notices to Air Missions |
| PDC | Profile Descent Charts |
| POH/AFM | Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual |
| POH/Flight Manual | Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Flight Manual |
| POH/RFM | Pilot's Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual |
| QRH | Quick Reference Handbook |
| SAFO 16016 | Helicopter Stabilized Hover Checks Before Departure |
Change 1 (September 19, 2024)
| Reference | Title |
|---|---|
| SAFO 17010 | Incorrect Airport Surface Approaches and Landings |
| STARs | Standard Terminal Arrival Routes |
| TPP | Terminal Procedures Publications |
| USCG Navigation Rules | USCG Navigation Rules, International-Inland |
| VFR Navigation Charts | Sectional/Terminal Aeronautical Charts |
Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| 14 CFR | Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations |
| AATD | Advanced Aviation Training Device |
| AC | Advisory Circular |
| ACS | Airman Certification Standards |
| ADM | Aeronautical Decision-Making |
| ADS-B | Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast |
| ADS-C | Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract |
| AFCS | Automatic Flight Control System |
| AFM | Airplane Flight Manual |
| AGL | Above Ground Level |
| AIM | Aeronautical Information Manual |
| AIRMET | Airman's Meteorological Information |
| AKTR | Airman Knowledge Test Report |
| AMEL | Airplane Multiengine Land |
| AMES | Airplane Multiengine Sea |
| APU | Auxiliary Power Unit |
| ASEL | Airplane Single-Engine Land |
| ASES | Airplane Single-Engine Sea |
| ASI | Aviation Safety Inspector |
| ATC | Air Traffic Control |
| ATD | Aviation Training Device |
| ATP | Airline Transport Pilot |
| BATD | Basic Aviation Training Device |
| CDI | Course Deviation Indicator |
| CDL | Configuration Deviation List |
| CFIT | Controlled Flight Into Terrain |
| CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
| CG | Center of Gravity |
| CPDLC | Controller–pilot data link communication |
| CRM | Crew Resource Management |
| DA | Decision Altitude |
| DDA | Derived Decision Altitude |
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| DH | Decision Height |
| DME | Distance Measuring Equipment |
| DP | Departure Procedures |
| EFB | Electronic Flight Bag |
| EFC | Expect Further Clearance |
| EFIS | Electronic Flight Instrument System |
| ELT | Emergency Locator Transmitter |
| ETA | Estimated Time of Arrival |
| ETL | Effective Translational Lift |
| FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
| FAF | Final Approach Fix |
| FB | Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast |
| FFS | Full Flight Simulator |
| FMS | Flight Management System |
| FRAT | Flight Risk Assessment Tool |
| FSB | Flight Standardization Board |
| FSO | Flight Standards Office |
| FSTD | Flight Simulation Training Device |
| FTD | Flight Training Device |
| G | Unit of Force Equal to Earth's Gravity |
| GBAS | Ground Based Augmentation System |
| GFA | Graphical Forecast for Aviation |
| GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| H/V | Height/Velocity |
| HF | High Frequency |
| HIGE | Hover in Ground Effect |
| HUD | Head Up Display |
| IFR | Instrument Flight Rules |
| ILS | Instrument Landing System |
| IMC | Instrument Meteorological Conditions |
| INFO | Information for Operators |
| INS | Inertial Navigation System |
| IOS | Instructor Operating Station |
| KOEL | Kinds of Operations Equipment List |
| L/DMAX | Lift/Drag Maximum |
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| LAHSO | Land and Hold Short Operations |
| LNAV | Lateral Navigation |
| LOA | Letter of Authorization |
| LOC-I | Loss of Control in Flight |
| LP | Localizer Performance |
| LTE | Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness |
| LTM | Long Term Memory |
| MAP | Missed Approach Point |
| MDA | Minimum Descent Altitude |
| MEL | Minimum Equipment List |
| METAR | Aviation Routine Weather Reports (Meteorological Aerodrome Report) |
| MFD | Multi-Function Display |
| MMO | Maximum Operating Limit Speed as a Mach Number |
| NAS | National Airspace System |
| NOTAM | Notice to Air Missions |
| Nr | Main Rotor Speed |
| NSP | National Simulator Program |
| NTSB | National Transportation Safety Board |
| ODP | Obstacle Departure Procedure |
| OEI | One Engine Inoperative |
| PAVE | Risk Management Checklist for Pilot/Aircraft/enVironment/External Factors |
| PFD | Primary Flight Display |
| PIC | Pilot-in-Command |
| PinS | Copter Point in Space |
| PIREP | Pilot Report |
| POA | Plan of Action |
| POH | Pilot's Operating Handbook |
| PTS | Practical Test Standards |
| QPS | Qualification Performance Standard |
| QRH | Quick Reference Handbook |
| RAIM | Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring |
| RCAM | Runway Condition Assessment Matrix |
| RFM | Rotorcraft Flight Manual |
| RNAV | Area Navigation |
| RNP | Required Navigation Performance |
| RPM | Revolutions Per Minute |
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| SAE | Specialty Aircraft Examiner |
| SAFO | Safety Alert for Operators |
| SATR | Special Air Traffic Rules |
| SBAS | Satellite Based Augmentation System |
| SBT | Scenario Based Training |
| SFAR | Special Federal Aviation Regulation |
| SFRA | Special Flight Rules Area |
| SID | Standard Instrument Departure |
| SIGMET | Significant Meteorological Information |
| SMS | Safety Management System |
| SRM | Single-Pilot Resource Management |
| SRM | Safety Risk Management |
| STAR | Standard Terminal Arrival |
| STM | Short Term Memory |
| SUA | Special Use Airspace |
| TAF | Terminal Area Forecast |
| TAWS | Terrain Awareness and Warning System |
| TCAS | Traffic Collision Avoidance System |
| TCDS | Type Certificate Data Sheet |
| TCE | Training Center Evaluator |
| TEM | Threat and Error Management |
| TFR | Temporary Flight Restrictions |
| TPP | Terminal Procedures Publication |
| TUC | Time of Useful Consciousness |
| UHF | Ultra High Frequency |
| UIMC | Unintended Instrument Meteorological Conditions |
| USCG | United States Coast Guard |
| UTC | Coordinated Universal Time |
| V₁ | The maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V₁ also means the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance. |
| V₂ | Takeoff Safety Speed |
| VA | Maneuvering speed |
| VDP | Visual Descent Point |
| VFR | Visual Flight Rules |
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| VMC | Minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative |
| VHF | Very High Frequency |
| VMC | Visual Meteorological Conditions |
| VMCG | Minimum control speed on the ground with the critical engine inoperative |
| VMO | Maximum Operating Limit Speed |
| VNE | Never exceed speed |
| VCOA | Visual Climb Over Airport |
| VOR | Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range |
| VR | Rotation speed |
| VREF | Reference Landing Speed |
| VRS | Vortex Ring State |
| VS | Stall Speed |
| VSO | Stalling Speed or the Minimum Steady Flight Speed in the Landing Configuration |
| VSSE | Safe, intentional one-engine-inoperative speed. Originally known as safe single-engine speed |
| VTOL | Vertical Takeoff and Landing |
| VX | Best angle of climb airspeed |
| VXSE | Best angle of climb speed with one engine inoperative |
| VY | Best rate of climb speed |
| VYSE | Best rate of climb speed with one engine inoperative. |
| WAAS | Wide Area Augmentation System |
Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant)
Evaluator’s Name: ____________________________________________________________________
Location: ___________________________________________________________________________
Date/Time: __________________________________________________________________________
Acceptable Aircraft
☐ Aircraft Documents:
☐ Airworthiness Certificate
☐ Registration Certificate
☐ Operating Limitations
☐ Aircraft Maintenance Records:
☐ Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and Airworthiness Directives (AD) Compliance
☐ Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual
Personal Equipment
☐ View-Limiting Device
☐ Current Aeronautical Charts (printed or electronic)
☐ Computer and Plotter
☐ Flight Plan Form and Flight Logs (printed or electronic)
☐ Chart Supplements, Airport Diagrams, and Appropriate Publications (printed or electronic)
☐ Current AIM (printed or electronic)
Personal Records
☐ Government-Issued Identification – Photo/Signature Identification (ID)
☐ Pilot Certificate
☐ Current Medical Certificate or BasicMed Qualification (when applicable)
☐ Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, or completed IACRA form, FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application – Sport Pilot, or FAA Form 8400.3, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature, if applicable
☐ Airman Knowledge Test Report
☐ Airman’s Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
☐ FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
☐ Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)
☐ Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes
Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes
| PA.III.A.R3 | Confirmation or expectation bias. |
| PA.IV.A.S10 | Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude, and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES). |
| PA.IV.I.S5 | Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. |
| PA.IV.K.S7 | Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. |
| PA.VIII.E.K1a | Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.E.K1b | Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.E.K1c | Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.E.K1d | Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.E.R2 | Failure to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation. |
| PA.VIII.E.R6 | Failure to unload the wings in recovering from high G situations. |
| PA.VIII.F.S3 | Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots. |
| PA.IX.C.K1a | Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots |
| PA.IX.C.K1b | Engine roughness or overheat |
| PA.IX.C.K1c | Loss of oil pressure |
| PA.IX.C.K1d | Fuel starvation |
| PA.XII.A.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |
| PA.XII.A.S1 | Demonstrate runway incursion avoidance procedures. |
| PA.XII.B.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |
Change 2 (December 26, 2024)
Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes
| CA.I.F.K2f | Weight and balance |
| CA.IV.A.S10 | Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude, and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES). |
| CA.IV.I.S5 | Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. |
| CA.IV.K.S7 | Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. |
| CA.IX.C.K1a | Engine roughness or overheat |
| CA.IX.C.K1b | Carburetor or induction icing |
| CA.IX.C.K1c | Loss of oil pressure |
| CA.IX.C.K1d | Fuel starvation |
| CA.XI.A.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |
| CA.XI.A.S1 | Utilize runway incursion avoidance procedures. |
| CA.XI.B.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |
Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS Archived Codes
| IR.IV.B.R2 | Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure. |
| IR.VII.C.R2 | Collision hazards, to include aircraft, terrain, obstacles, wires, vehicles, vessels, persons, and wildlife. |
Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating ACS Archived Codes
| AA.IV.B.R2 | Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure. |
| AA.V.A.S2 | When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall on takeoff or while on approach in a partial flap configuration with no minimum entry altitude defined. |
| AA.V.B.S2 | When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall in cruise flight with no minimum entry altitude defined. |
| AA.V.C.S2 | When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall when fully configured for landing with no minimum entry altitude defined. |
| AA.VI.F.R3 | Planning for. |
| AA.VI.F.R3a | a. Missed Approach |
| AA.VI.F.R3b | b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO) |
| AA.VI.H.R3 | Planning for. |
| AA.VI.H.R3a | a. Missed Approach |
| AA.VI.H.R3b | b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO) |
| AA.VIII.A.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |
| AA.VIII.B.R2 | Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. |