14 CFR · Part 61

14 CFR § 61.157

Flight proficiency.

This reproduces published FAA reference text for study. It does not replace the current official FAA publication or regulation.

(a)

General. (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate is given for—

(i)

An airplane category and single engine class rating.

(ii)

An airplane category and multiengine class rating.

(iii)

A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.

(iv)

A powered-lift category rating.

(v)

An aircraft type rating.

(2)

A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot practical test must meet—

(i)

The eligibility requirements of § 61.153; and

(ii)

The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b)

Aircraft type rating. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a person who applies for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or applies for a type rating to be concurrently completed with an airline transport pilot certificate:

(1)

Must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation under this section that apply to the aircraft type rating;

(2)

Must receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor that certifies the applicant completed the training on the areas of operation listed under paragraph (e) of this section that apply to the aircraft type rating; and

(3)

Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions, except as provided under paragraph (g) of this section.

(c)

Exceptions. A person who applies for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or an aircraft type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate, and who is an employee of a certificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, does not need to comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section if the applicant presents a training record that shows completion of that certificate holder's approved training program for the aircraft type rating.

(d)

Upgrading type ratings. Any type rating(s) and limitations on a pilot certificate of an applicant who completes an airline transport pilot practical test will be included at the airline transport pilot certification level, provided the applicant passes the practical test in the same category and class of aircraft for which the applicant holds the type rating(s).

(e)

Areas of Operation. A practical test will include normal and abnormal procedures, as applicable, within the areas of operation for practical tests for an airplane category and powered-lift category rating. (1) For an airplane category—single engine class rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Stall Prevention;

(vi)

Instrument procedures;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(2)

For an airplane category—multiengine class rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Stall Prevention.

(vi)

Instrument procedures;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(3)

For a powered-lift category rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Departure phase;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Instrument procedures;

(vi)

Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(4)

For a rotorcraft category—helicopter class rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoff and departure phase;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Instrument procedures;

(vi)

Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii)

Normal and abnormal procedures;

(viii)

Emergency procedures; and

(ix)

Postflight procedures.

(f)

Proficiency and competency checks conducted under part 121, part 135, or subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful completion of any of the following checks satisfies the flight proficiency requirements of this section for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate and/or the appropriate aircraft rating:

(i)

A proficiency check under § 121.441 of this chapter.

(ii)

Both a competency check under § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this chapter and pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 135.297 of this chapter.

(iii)

Both a competency check under § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 91.1069 of this chapter.

(2)

The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section must be conducted by one of the following:

(i)

An FAA Aviation Safety Inspector.

(ii)

An Aircrew Program Designee who is authorized to perform proficiency and/or competency checks for the air carrier whose approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant.

(iii)

A Training Center Evaluator with appropriate certification authority who is also authorized to perform the portions of the competency and/or proficiency checks required by paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the air carrier whose approved training program has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant.

(g)

Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and procedures. An applicant may add a type rating to an airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft that is not capable of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required on the practical test under the following circumstances—

(1)

The rating is limited to “VFR only.”

(2)

The type rating is added to an airline transport pilot certificate that has instrument privileges in that category and class of aircraft.

(3)

The “VFR only” limitation may be removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(i)

Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in § 61.157; or

(ii)

Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for that type of aircraft.

(h)

Multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification level, in a multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine airplane.

(i)

Single engine airplane with a single-pilot station. An applicant for a type rating, at the ATP certification level, in a single engine airplane with a single-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that single engine airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant during the practical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that single engine airplane.

(j)

Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

Reflects the eCFR edition current as of July 6, 2026. Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.

14 CFR § 61.157

Flight proficiency.

This reproduces published FAA reference text for study. It does not replace the current official FAA publication or regulation.

(a)

General. (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate is given for—

(i)

An airplane category and single engine class rating.

(ii)

An airplane category and multiengine class rating.

(iii)

A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.

(iv)

A powered-lift category rating.

(v)

An aircraft type rating.

(2)

A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot practical test must meet—

(i)

The eligibility requirements of § 61.153; and

(ii)

The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b)

(1)

Must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation under this section that apply to the aircraft type rating;

(2)

(3)

Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions, except as provided under paragraph (g) of this section.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Stall Prevention;

(vi)

Instrument procedures;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(2)

For an airplane category—multiengine class rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Landings;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Stall Prevention.

(vi)

Instrument procedures;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(3)

For a powered-lift category rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoffs and Departure phase;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Instrument procedures;

(vi)

Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii)

Emergency operations; and

(viii)

Postflight procedures.

(4)

For a rotorcraft category—helicopter class rating:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii)

Preflight procedures;

(iii)

Takeoff and departure phase;

(iv)

In-flight maneuvers;

(v)

Instrument procedures;

(vi)

Landings and approaches to landings;

(vii)

Normal and abnormal procedures;

(viii)

Emergency procedures; and

(ix)

Postflight procedures.

(f)

(i)

A proficiency check under § 121.441 of this chapter.

(ii)

Both a competency check under § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this chapter and pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 135.297 of this chapter.

(iii)

Both a competency check under § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under § 91.1069 of this chapter.

(2)

The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section must be conducted by one of the following:

(i)

An FAA Aviation Safety Inspector.

(ii)

(iii)

(g)

(1)

The rating is limited to “VFR only.”

(2)

The type rating is added to an airline transport pilot certificate that has instrument privileges in that category and class of aircraft.

(3)

The “VFR only” limitation may be removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(i)

Passes a practical test in that type of aircraft on the appropriate instrument maneuvers and procedures in § 61.157; or

(ii)

Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for that type of aircraft.

(h)

(i)

(j)

Waiver authority. An Examiner who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

Reflects the eCFR edition current as of July 6, 2026. Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.