AIM 5-4-20

Landing Minimums. The rules applicable to landing minimums are contained in 14 CFR section 91.175. TBL 5-4-1 may be used to convert RVR to ground or flight visibility. For converting RVR values that fall between listed values, use the next higher RVR value; do not interpolate. For example, when converting 1800 RVR, use 2400 RVR with the resultant visibility of 1 / 2 mile.

Obstacle Clearance. Final approach obstacle clearance is provided from the start of the final segment to the runway or missed approach point, whichever occurs last. Side-step obstacle protection is provided by increasing the width of the final approach obstacle clearance area. TBL 5-4-20 RVR Value Conversions RVR

Visibility

(statute miles)

1600

1 / 4

2400

1 / 2

3200

5 / 8

4000

3 / 4

4500

7 / 8

5000

1

6000

1 1 / 4

Circling approach protected areas are defined by the tangential connection of arcs drawn from each runway end (see FIG 5-4-27 ). Circling approach protected areas developed prior to late 2012 used fixed radius distances, dependent on aircraft approach category, as shown in the table on page B2 of the U.S. TPP. The approaches using standard circling approach areas can be identified by the absence of the “negative C" symbol on the circling line of minima. Circling approach protected areas developed after late 2012 use the radius distance shown in the table on page B2 of the U.S. TPP, dependent on aircraft approach category, and the altitude of the circling MDA, which accounts for true airspeed increase with altitude. The approaches using expanded circling approach areas can be identified by the presence of the “negative C" symbol on the circling line of minima (see FIG 5-4-28 ). Because of obstacles near the airport, a portion of the circling area may be restricted by a procedural note; for example, “Circling NA E of RWY 17-35.” Obstacle clearance is provided at the published minimums (MDA) for the pilot who makes a straight-in approach, side-steps, or circles. Once below the MDA the pilot must see and avoid obstacles. Executing the missed approach after starting to maneuver usually places the aircraft beyond the MAP. The aircraft is clear of obstacles when at or above the MDA while inside the circling area, but simply joining the missed approach ground track from the circling maneuver may not provide vertical obstacle clearance once the aircraft exits the circling area. Additional climb inside the circling area may be required before joining the missed approach track. See paragraph 5-4-21 , Missed Approach, for additional considerations when starting a missed approach at other than the MAP. FIG 5-4-20 Final Approach Obstacle Clearance

NOTE-

Circling approach area radii vary according to approach category and MSL circling altitude due to TAS changes—see FIG 5-4-28 .

FIG 5-4-20 Standard and Expanded Circling Approach Radii in the U.S. TPP

Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ). A volume of airspace above an area beginning at the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation, and centered on the extended runway centerline. The POFZ is 200 feet (60m) long and 800 feet (240m) wide. The POFZ must be clear when an aircraft on a vertically guided final approach is within 2 nautical miles of the runway threshold and the official weather observation is a ceiling below 250 feet or visibility less than 3 / 4 statute mile (SM) (or runway visual range below 4,000 feet). If the POFZ is not clear, the MINIMUM authorized height above touchdown (HAT) and visibility is 250 feet and 3 / 4 SM. The POFZ is considered clear even if the wing of the aircraft holding on a taxiway waiting for runway clearance penetrates the POFZ; however, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringe on the POFZ. The POFZ is applicable at all runway ends including displaced thresholds. FIG 5-4-20 Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ)

Straight-in Minimums are shown on the IAP when the final approach course is within 30 degrees of the runway alignment and a normal descent can be made from the IFR altitude shown on the IAP to the runway surface. When either the normal rate of descent or the runway alignment factor of 30 degrees is exceeded, a straight-in minimum is not published and a circling minimum applies. The fact that a straight-in minimum is not published does not preclude pilots from landing straight-in if they have the active runway in sight and have sufficient time to make a normal approach for landing. Under such conditions and when ATC has cleared them for landing on that runway, pilots are not expected to circle even though only circling minimums are published. If they desire to circle, they should advise ATC.

Side-Step Maneuver Minimums. Landing minimums for a side-step maneuver to the adjacent runway will normally be higher than the minimums to the primary runway.

Published Approach Minimums. Approach minimums are published for different aircraft categories and consist of a minimum altitude (DA, DH, MDA) and required visibility. These minimums are determined by applying the appropriate TERPS criteria. When a fix is incorporated in a nonprecision final segment, two sets of minimums may be published: one for the pilot that is able to identify the fix, and a second for the pilot that cannot. Two sets of minimums may also be published when a second altimeter source is used in the procedure. When a nonprecision procedure incorporates both a stepdown fix in the final segment and a second altimeter source, two sets of minimums are published to account for the stepdown fix and a note addresses minimums for the second altimeter source.

Circling Minimums. In some busy terminal areas, ATC may not allow circling and circling minimums will not be published. Published circling minimums provide obstacle clearance when pilots remain within the appropriate area of protection. Pilots should remain at or above the circling altitude until the aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers. Circling may require maneuvers at low altitude, at low airspeed, and in marginal weather conditions. Pilots must use sound judgment, have an in-depth knowledge of their capabilities, and fully understand the aircraft performance to determine the exact circling maneuver since weather, unique airport design, and the aircraft position, altitude, and airspeed must all be considered. The following basic guidance applies to the circling maneuver: A portion of the circling area may be restricted. The restriction will be described by a chart note with reference to a direction relative to a runway or runways, and no circling maneuvers may be made in that restricted area. The restrictions may be applicable only to certain aircraft approach categories, and circling restrictions may differ between day and night. Pilots must carefully review and comply with circling restrictions during all circling operations.

At towered airports, follow specific instruction from the controller during the circling maneuver; however, an ATC clearance does not negate published circling area restrictions.

At non-towered airports, pilots must utilize the turn direction specified by 14 CFR § 91.126(b) unless a published circling area restriction requires the pilot to make turns in the opposite direction. It may be desirable to fly over the airport to observe wind and turn indicators and other traffic that may be on the runway or flying in the vicinity of the airport.

Remain vigilant for other traffic and remain within the circling approach maneuvering airspace radius distance as shown in the table on page B2 of the U.S. TPP. Maneuver to a base or downwind leg, as appropriate, considering existing weather conditions, VFR traffic flow, altitude to be lost while using normal descent rates/maneuvers, and any circling restrictions. REFERENCE-

AC 90-66, Non-Towered Airport Flight Operations.

The missed approach point (MAP) varies depending upon the approach flown. For vertically guided approaches, the MAP is at the decision altitude/decision height. Non-vertically guided and circling procedures share the same MAP, and the pilot determines this MAP by timing from the final approach fix, by a fix, a NAVAID, or a waypoint. Circling from a GLS, an ILS without a localizer line of minima, or an RNAV (GPS) approach without an LNAV line of minima is prohibited.

Instrument Approach at a Military Field. When instrument approaches are conducted by civil aircraft at military airports, they must be conducted in accordance with the procedures and minimums approved by the military agency having jurisdiction over the airport.