Airman Certification Standards
ACS PA.VIII.D
Turns to Headings
Knowledge
Flight instruments as they relate to:
a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
c. Function and operation
d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
Risk Management
Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
Collision hazards.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Fixation and omission.
Instrument Interpretation.
Control application solely by reference to instruments. Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C)49
Trimming the aircraft.
Skill
Turn to headings, maintain altitude ±200 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.