Airman Certification Standards
ACS CA.VI.B
Navigation Systems and Radar Services
Knowledge
Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
Risk Management
Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Limitations of the navigation system in use.
Loss of a navigation signal.
Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
Skill
Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
Determine the airplane’s position using the navigation system.
Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
Maintain the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and heading, ±10°.
Retrieved from ecfr.gov on July 17, 2026.